92 THE WHENCE AND THE WHITHER OF MAN 



thumb and great toe are opposable ; but the foot is a 

 true foot, arid the hand a true hand, in anatomical 

 structure. The face, hands, and feet have mainly lost 

 the covering of hair. They have no tail, or rather its 

 rudiments are concealed beneath the skin. These in- 

 clude the gibbon, the orang, the gorilla, and the chim- 

 panzee. 



We can sum up the few attainments of mammals in 

 a line. The lower forms attained the placental mode 

 of embryonic development ; the higher attained up- 

 right gait, hands and feet, and a great increase of 

 brain. Anatomically considered these were but trifles, 

 but the addition of these trifles revolutionized life on 

 the globe. The principal anatomical differences be- 

 tween man and the anthropoid ape are the following : 

 Man is a strictly erect animal. The foot of the ape is 

 less fitted for walking on the ground, where he usually 

 " goes on all fours." The skull is almost balanced on 

 the condyles by which it articulates with the neck, and 

 has but slight tendency to tip forward. The facial por- 

 tion, nose and jaws, is less developed and retracted 

 beneath the larger cranium or brain-case. This has 

 greatly changed the appearance of the head. Protrud- 

 ing jaws and chin, even when combined with large cra- 

 nium and brain, always give man the appearance of 

 brutality and low intelligence. 



The pelvis is broad and comparatively shallow. 

 The legs, especially the thighs, are long. The foot is 

 long and strong, and rests its lower surface, not merely 

 the outer margin as in apes, on the ground. The elas- 

 tic arch of the instep must be excepted in the above 

 description, and adds lightness and swiftness to his 

 otherwise slow gait. The great toe is short and gener- 



