THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 



prehistoric man represents waves of migration from the greater 

 continent. 



Nevertheless the European record has enabled us to name and 

 define a number of distinct human species, and here the record of the 

 cultural evolution of man is also unusually complete. Hence Euro- 

 pean chronology is taken as a standard in describing discoveries from 

 any portion of the world. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 



(Adapted from Osborn, 1915) 



POSTGLACIAL TIME 25,000 years 



Upper Palaeolithic culture 

 Cro-Magnon man 



FOURTH GLACIAL STAGE (Wiirm, Wisconsin) 50,000 years 



Close of Lower Palaeolithic culture 

 Neanderthal man 



THIRD INTERGLACIAL STAGE 150,000 years 



Beginning of Lower Palaeolithic culture 

 Piltdown and pre-Neanderthaloid men 



THIRD GLACIAL STAGE (Riss, Illinoian) 175,000 years 



SECOND INTERGLACIAL STAGE 375,000 years 



Heidelberg man 



SECOND GLACIAL STAGE (Mindel, Kansas) 400,000 years 



FIRST INTERGLACIAL STAGE 475,000 years 



Pithecanthropus, ape-man 

 FIRST GLACIAL STAGE (Giinz, Nebraskan) 500,000 years 



Pithecanthropus. The Java ape-man, Pithecanthropus erectus 

 (Figs. 6 and 7, A), was discovered in Trinil, on the Solo or Bengawan 

 River in central Java, in 

 1894. The type consists of 

 a calvarium or skull cap, a 

 left thigh bone, and two 

 upper molar teeth. The 

 skull is characterized by its 

 limited capacity, about two- 

 thirds that of man; and by 

 the low flat forehead and 

 beetling brows. Hence not 

 only was the brain limited 

 in its total size, but this 

 was especially true of the 



FIG. 6. Skull of Java ape-man, Pithecan- 

 thropus erectus. (From Lull, after Dnbois.) 



frontal lobes, which, as we have seen, are the seat of the higher intel- 

 lectual faculties. Thus, as Osborn says, although touch, taste, and 



