Progression, Retrogression and Degression. 69 
fasciations. 1 As a constant horticultural variety it occurs 
in Celosia cristata; but as a specific character, so far as 
I know, it does not occur. This is, however, true of the 
almost equally widely distributed split leaves (as in Boeh- 
incria biloba), of adherences (Solatium), of flowers on 
leaves (Hclwinyia rusciflora and others) and of numer- 
ous other anomalies of which CASIMIR DE CANDOLLE has 
given a valuable general account. 2 He calls them "Varia- 
tions taxinomiques" ', whereas anomalies which do not 
occur as specific characters such as fasciation, twisting, 
virescence and sterile varieties, are designated by him as 
ataxinomous. I take the following further instances 
from his list : Connation of opposites leaves, which oc- 
curs normally in Dipsacus, Lonicera and others, or of the 
cotyledons (amphisyncotyly, normal in Sicyos) ; Pitch- 
ers, normal in Sarracenia etc., and in the peltate leaves, 
as for instance Eucalyptus citriodora; foliacious excres- 
cences on the leaves, normal in Senecio sagittifolins from 
Uruguay, and on petals, normal in Petaquia saniculae- 
folia and as a sport in Clarkia clcgans\ Synanthy in 
Lonicera, and so on. 
For our purposes, however, the question is not which 
anomalies can also occur as specific characters, but con- 
versely which specific characters can also occur as anom- 
alies in other species. For our task is to deal with the 
problem of species and especially to provide an answer 
to the question how far their characters can be derived 
from more or less widely distributed latent qualities 
which have existed for a long time in the vegetable king- 
dom or in particular groups of it. With this end in view 
5-6- 
1 See Vol. I, Figs. 34 and 35 on pp. 182-183. 
2 C. DE CANDOLLE, Rcmarqucs sur la tcralologie vegctale, 1896, pp. 
