145 



He then refers to the Geraniales and Sapindales arid says 1 " 5 : 



Bei den beiden Reihen der Geraniales und Sapindales winl die cyklisclie Anord- 

 nung der Bliitenteile vollstandig ; aber die noc-li ha'ufig vorkommende xinvollsta'ndige 

 Vereinignng der Caipelle ist ein Grand fur die Stellung beider Reilien vor den Malvales 

 nnd Parlttales. Beicle Eeihen stehen einander selir nake tind Lassen sich nur dann tin- 

 tersclieiden, wenn man die in der Cliarakteristik nngegebenen Merkmale der Samenanlage 

 in den Vordergrund stellt. Jede der Reilien beginnt mit den Familien, in welchen noch Iso- 

 merie des Gynacenms vorkommt, dann folgen diejenigen, bei denendie Oligomerie herrscht. 



This is indeed true, but it is so only according to the view upon which 

 ENGLER dwells. In other respects, the case is quite otherwise ; for, in this 

 point or that the relations of the Geraniales to other series, as will be seen 

 in course, are of wide extent reaching from the Centrospermse, perhaps even 

 from the Coniferre, far up to the several series of the Metachlamydeae. The 

 Sapiudales also are extensively allied to other series, their relations ranging 

 from the Coniferae far up to the Primulales. The natural positions of these 

 two series should be changeable with the criteria employed. 



In the first place, let us consider the natural relations of the Gerauiales. 

 Their connections with the lihoeadales, Centrosperiuae, and Resales have 

 already been referred to. Perhaps the closest alliance is manifested between 

 the Geranials and the Sapindales. The relationship is very complicated. To 

 begin with the Geraniacese, we find that they in many features are similar to 

 the Corynocarpacese^ (after VAN TIEGHEM), to the Limnauthaceae^, and to the 

 Balsaminaceae (after BENTH.-HOOKER). Then, most closely the Tropaeolaceae 

 are related to the BaJsaminacese 65 (BENTH.-HooK.). Some of the Zygophyl- 

 lacese are allied to the Meliauthacefe^, in the presence of calcium oxalate in 

 the form of styloideii (RADLKOFER) ; the Eutaceae, though rather slightly, to 

 the SapindacecTe 7 -* ; the Simarubacese, to the Sapiudaceae also slightly; the 

 Burserace8e 8) , to the Anacardiacea3 9) , in the resin - canals and in other 

 anatomical characters; the Meliaceae 105 , to the Sapindaceae in the secretory - 

 ceUs; the Malpigliiacea3 u) , to the latter family in the habit, in the winged 



1) ENGLEK, A. Erlauterungen. 1. e. p. 366. 



2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. Nacht. III. p. 197. 3) 1. c. III. 5, p. 136. 

 4) 1. c. Ill 5, p. 388. 5) 1. c. III. 5, p. 388. 

 6) 1. c. Ill 5, p. 378. 7) 1. c. III. 5, p. 298. 

 8) 1. c. Ill 4, p. 233. 9) 1. c. III. 5, p. 144. 



10) 1. c. Ill 4. p. 266. 11) 1. c. III. 4, p. 52. 



