154 



Next, conie the Plantaginales . Their relation to the Tubiflorse has been 

 given above. They are closely allied to the Campauulatse in the conformity 

 observable in the Plantaginacese 2) and some genera of the Campanulacese 

 in the tetramerous flowers, in the superior ovary, in the absence of the 

 medullary rays and in the occasional presence of vessels in medulla and 

 cortex. Further, some connection between the Plantaginales and the Tubiflorae 

 is found when the Plantaginacege and the Borragiuacese are compared. 



Then, follow the Rubiales^. As has been discussed above, their connec- 

 tions are manifestly with the Parietales, K-osales, Umbellifloroe and TubiflorEe, 

 in this point or that. Nevertheless, the series seems inn-elated to any other, 

 either closely or loosely, in point of its being near to, or far from, the latter, 

 so far as is shown in ENGLEE'S system. But, on the contrary, its relations 

 are generally exhibited with little regard to nearness or remoteness. Its position 

 should, therefore, be dynamic. 



Next, come the Cucurbitales^. When we regard this series as incorporated 

 in the Campanula^, then the position of the latter series becomes very dynamic, 

 as can be seen in a comparison of the Campanulatie with the Parietales, 

 Tubiflorse, Plantaginales, Contorts and Rubiales. But, on the contrary, when 

 we think of the Cucurbitales as independent from the Carnpanulatre, then 

 the Cucurbitales are related to the Parietales and Tubinorre, as has been 

 discussed above, and also to the Campanulatne as can be seen in a comparison 

 of the Cucurbitace* 5) and the Campauulacese^ (A. BEAUN). Its position becomes 

 in consequence less dynamic. 



Finally, come the Campanulatpe. These are related to the Ericales, 

 Cucurbitales, Plantaginales, Contortse and Kubiales, as appears in this point 

 or that of the discussion thus far. Their position should, therefore, be dynamic. 



The consideration of ENGLEE'S system thus far, when taken together with 

 his principle and his explanation, forces me to conclude that his system is a 

 complex of many partial manifestations of a real natural system, and that it 

 is a system constructed principally with the view of consulting our own con- 



1) ENGLEB. A. Erliiuterungen, 1. c. p. 370. 2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV. 3, b, p. 369. 

 3) ENGLER, A. Erliiuterungen, 1. c. p, 371. 4) ENGLER, A. Syllabus, L c. p. 338. 

 5) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV, 5, p. 8. 6) Nat, Pfl.-fam. IV. 5, p. 47. 



