119 



words, characters, such as valvate activation, reduced calyx or the like, found 

 in both the Umbel liflone and Rubiales show that they are in the same stage 

 of parallel advaucainent ; wliile the palypatalous flowers in the former series 

 indicate that it belongs to the same dais as the Archichlamydege, and the 

 gamopetalous flowers of the latter series shows its attachment to the Metachla- 

 mydese. Tliis is a view that recognizes no relationship between the two 

 series (Umbelliflorse and Rubiales) . On the other hand, according to another 

 opinion wlu'ch suggests some affinity between the Umbelliflorae and the 

 Rubiales, and therefore seems to me to be more thoughtful than the preceding 

 one, the characters regarded by ENGLER as those denoting their parallel 

 advancement would most probably be characters indicating a blood - relation- 

 ship (like those of the second category) between the two series' . If this view 

 be accepted, then such characters a3 polypetalous or gamopatalous flowers 

 which were regarded a little while ago as those denoting affinity are now iu 

 their turn to be taken as indicating a parallelism between the Rubiales and 

 other series of the Metachlamydese such as the Ericales or Primulales. 

 In 3, he says :i) :- 



2u einer Familie werden einerseits diejenigen Formtn vereinigt, welclie in .alien 

 \vesentlichen Merkmalen des nmtomischen Banes, der Blattstellung, des Bliiten- 

 baues, der Sporenbildung oder der Frucht- und Samenbildnng tine augenfallige tlber- 

 einstimmung zeigen, wie z. B. die Bakteriaceen Oder Stabchenbakterien, die Lamellen- 

 schwamme oder Agaricaceen, die Armleuchtergewiicb.se oder Characeen, die Polypodia- 

 ceen, die Gramineen, die Iridaceen, die Orchidaceen, die Cruciferen, die Umbelliferen, 

 die Borraginaceen, die Labiaten, die Compositen, anderseits diejenigen Formen, welclie 

 zwar untereinander in einzelnen der genannten Verhiiltnisse Verschicndenheiten zeigen, 

 aber docb. durch ein gemeinsames Merkmal, sei es der ZeUbeschafEenlieit, des anato- 

 misclien Banes, der Bliite oder Frucht, verbunden sind. Hierbei erscheint die Zusam- 

 mengehorigkeit um so sicherer, je mehr die Verschiedenlieiten schrittweise anftreten. 



In the latter half of this sentence, it is stated that some groups are marked 

 by a certain character, which is taken as the sole criterion, and by no other 

 character. In this case, it can be easily understood that the group itself 

 showing a natural relation is changeable and therefore dynamic. It shows a 

 different aspect as to its limit and members, according to the criterion, for 



1) ENGLER, A. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (1912) p. XXVII. 

 2] Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV. 4, p. 13 ; III. 8, pp. 15 and 111. 

 3) ENGLER, A. 1. c. p. X. 



