153 



Rauales, Parietales, and Sapindales, as shown in the discussions thus far. Its 

 position is, therefore, cannot be so definitely determined as in ENGLER'S system, 

 but should be changeable like the other series. 

 Regarding the Contorts ENGLER states'' : 



Die Reihe der ContortSB i fe t keineswegs scharf von der folgeudeu nmfangreichen 

 Keihe der Tuljiflnro* zn nnterscheiden ; aber, wie sclion mehrfach betont, giebt bei der 

 Aiifstellmig natiirlicher Verwandtschaftskreise nicht ein dTireligreifendes Merkmal den 

 AusscHag, sondern es handelt sich hatiptsiiclilicli um die Entwiekelungstendenzen, 

 welche in einer Sippe liervortreten. Als solclie kdnnen wir fiir die Contortcv anfiiliren, 

 dass die Abschnitte der Blumenkrone sich. meistens contort decken tind die Carpelle 

 laaufig niclit vollstandig vereint sind. Keines dieser Merkmale ist dnrchgreifend. 



Tins statement proves that the Contort* imply various heterogenous families. 

 Their relations to the other series are accordingly very complicated. The 

 resemblance of the Contort* and the Sapiudales has been indicated under the 

 latter series. Their connection with the Tubiflorae will be seen in the agree- 

 ment of the Oleaceae and the Columelliacese' , in the woody structure, in the 

 opposite exstipulate leaves and in the flowers with 2-stameus. The same is 

 also observed in the greater or less resemblance between the Loganiacese^ and 

 the Solauacese (BATLLON), and between the Loganiacese and the Scrophulariaceae. 

 Their relation to the Rubiales is very clear when we examine the connection 

 of the Loganiace* with the Rubiaceae and especially with Garfnem and Pogamea,** 

 both of the latter fainil}' ; and also the agreement of the Apocynacese 6 ' and 

 Rubiace*, in the stipule and in the opposite leaves. Finally their alliance to 

 the Campanulatse is manifested in the Geutianacese and Goodeniaceae 1 * , as can 

 be seen in a comparison of Limnantheimim of the former family, with Velleia 

 of the latter. The natural position of the series is, therefore, plainly dynamic. 

 Then, ENGLER comes to refer to the Tubiflora3 7) . Their relations to the 

 Malvales, Parietales, Contorts?, Primulales and Rhoeadales have already been 

 pointed out. Also to the Rubiales, they bear some resemblance which is shown 

 in the Bignoniaceaa and Henriquezieae of the Riibiacese 8) . Thus, the series is 

 related to the Rhoeadales and ah 1 the way up to the Rubiales in this point or 

 that. Its position should, therefore, be dynamic. 



1) ENGLER, A. 1. c. 370. 2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV. 3, b, p. 187. 



3) 1. c. IV. 2, p. 27. 4) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV. 4. p. 13. 



5) 1. c. IV,- 2, p. 118. 6) 1. c. IV. 5, p. 74. 



7) ENGLER, A. Erlatitenmgen, 1. c. p. 370. 8) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV .4, p. 13. 



