180 



indeterminable in one way, but are changeable according to their natural 

 relations. 



13 Cyperaceae 1 -*: This family is somewhat related to the Graminena and 

 to the Juncaceae in habit. Also to the Restionaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Erio- 

 caulaceae in several different characters respectively. 



Series V. Pr indites 



14 Palmae 2) : With Phytelepltas and Nipa as its intermediate members, 

 tliis family approaches the Pandanaceae. It also to some extent resembles 

 the Cyclanthaceae in its leaves. 



Series VI. SynantJm- 



15 Cyclantliaceae 3) : So far as the vegetative organs are concerned, this 

 family is closely related to the Palmae ; but not so closely to the Araceae in 

 this respect. On the other hand, if we take female flowers as a criterion, 

 then it departs widely from the Palinae, while coming near the Araceae and 

 the Pandanaceae. As to its male flowers, however, it is somewhat comparable 

 with the Palmae. But, the anatomical structure of certain Cylanthaceae is 

 rather that of the Araceae 4) . 



Series VII. Si>thiflor<i- 



16 Araceae : The connection of the family is found to be with the Tacca- 

 ceae 5) , Potamogetonaceae 6) , Cyclauthaceae 7 ^ and Lenmaceae" in this or that 

 respect. It is also comparable Avith the Typhaceae, Pandanaceae and Sparga- 

 niaceae in the possession of a spatha and therefore it was formerly incorpo- 

 rated with them to form a group of the Spathiflorae 0) . 



17 Lemnacese ' Their relation to the Araceaa is incontestable. 



Series VIII. Fariiioscv 



18 FragellariaceaB W) : The 5-whorled flowers with hornochlamydeous 

 perianth suggest its relation-ship to the Juucaceae. 



1) Nat. Pfl.-fam. II. 2, p. 104. 2) ]. c. II. 3, p. 25. 



3) 1. c. II. 3, p. 98. 4) JEFFREY, E. C. 1. c. p. 413. 



5) Nat. Pfl.-fam. II. 5, p. 129. 6) 1. c. II. 1, p. 201. 



7) 1. c. II. 2, p. 98. 



8) EENDLK. A. B, The classification of flowering plants, I. p. 382. 



9) GitEBNEE, P. Spargamacese in das Pflanzenreicb. IV. 10, p. 7. 

 10) 1. c. II. 4, p. 1. 



