105 



to the fact that genes contained in species present suitable temporary pheno- 

 menal appearances and suitable temporary combinations in agreement with 

 the conditions which follow necessarily through the causal nexus. Constitu- 

 tional resemblance of species is, therefore, manifested by the mutual sharing 

 of genes possessed by them. Thus far having stated the real meaning of 

 resemblance through the participation theory, I shall now try to explain what 

 I have proposed as a dynamic system more concretely than I had done 

 before. 



6. THE DYNAMIC SYSTEM. 



Now, turning back our attention to what we have said before of the 

 natural classification, we now see that our first attempt in the course of the 

 latter is to find how species share their genes with others. Then, the second 

 attempt is to group species into small or large groups according to the 



extent with which they have shared their genes with others , into groups 



which should be subject to alteration, as to their limits as well as their 

 members, according to whether we select this or that gene as a criterion for 

 classification, simply speaking, into dynamic groups. Finally, our third 

 attempt is to arrange the dynamic groups thus obtained, such as species, genera 

 or families, according to the relations of the mutual sharing of genes, to 

 arrange them, not in a fixed order, but in orders varying with views, or 

 simply speaking to arrange them in a dynamic manner. The arrangement 

 in dynamic forms is what I have spoken as a dynamic system. I shall 

 explain it with examples further on. 



Now, let us take four individuals representing four different species. 

 These four are composed of numerous different genes ; but amongst the latter 

 genes only four, represented symbolically by a, b, C and d, are so far known 

 to us. We shall try to systematize these species. Let a gene in parentheses 

 denote a latent gene. Then, the four species may be symbolized as follows : 

 (a) bed, a (b) C d, a b (c) d and a b C (d). One way of classifying these four 

 is to group them into two groups, one containing the latent (a) gene and the 



1) LOTSY, P. J. Evolution by Means of Hybridization (1916) pp. 137-138. 



