108 



In the inflorescence and flowers, the relation of the Julianiacese and Fagaceae 

 is evident. The male inflorescence, the male flowers and pollen of Julianla 

 adstringens are closely alike in texture, structure and form, to the corresponding 

 parts in certain species of Qucrcus. The presence of several female flowers in a 

 closed involucre is a characteristic of Juliania and Fcym, Oastanea and Castanopsls. 

 The seeds of both Jidlanin and the Fagacese are exalbuininate, and the cotyledons 

 are epigaeous in germination. If we lay great stress upon the characters of 

 the reproductive organs in which there is agreement or similarity between the 

 Juliaiiiaceae and Fagacese, or between the former family and Juglandacese, then 

 the Julianiacese should be placed between the Juglandaceae and Fagaceae. On 

 the other hand, if the anatomical characters are to be credited with superior 

 value in classification, then the Julianiacere should be placed next to the 

 Anacardiacese. Thus, the family may be put near the Juglandacese according 

 to one view ; but according to the other, it comes close to the Anacardiacete 

 and is widely separated from the Juglandaceae. 



Salicaceae l) (Salicales) : This group is closely related to the Batidaceae in 

 having a dimerous gynaeceum, and also to the Myricaceae and Juglaudacaaa in 

 having nearly naked or apetalous flowers. But on the other hand, the close 

 relation of the Salicaceae and Tamaricace?e 2) (which stand far apart from the other, 

 s > far as the present system is concerned) is incontestable ; the gynaeceum, 

 placentas, ovules, frm'ts and seeds, or even anatomical characters such as 

 perforation of vessels, are veiy much the same in both families. If the 

 presence or absence of sepals and petals are to be credited with superior value 

 in classification, then the Salicaceae should be brought near the Myricaceae, 

 Juglandaceae or some such group. But on the other hand, if we attach importance 

 to the structure of ovary, ovules, fruits, seeds or anatomical characters, then 

 the Salicaceaa should find its place near the Tamaricaceas of the Parietales. 



Ranunculaceae s) (Eanales) : This group bears some resemblance to the 

 Magnoliaceae, Anonacea? and Nymphaeaceaa in the inconstant number of the 

 stamens, in the apocarpous g}'U33cea and in their spiral arrangement. It is 



1) Nat. Pfl.-fam. III. 1, p. 35. 2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. III. G, p. 291. 



3) Nat. Pfl.-fam. III. -2, p. 54. 



