BEETLES. 327 



roots of the same plants. T. tetraophthalmus has black legs :m<l antennae, four black 

 dots arranged in a square on the prothorax, and four spots of variable size on each 

 elytron. In Europe species of related genera, Phytvecia and Aga- 

 panthia, damage various wild and cultivated plants. 



Oncideres has moderately divergent claws, angulated anterior and 

 open middle coxa?, and large front. 0. cingulatus, a grayish-brown 

 species, girdles and partly cuts off the twigs of hickory, pear, and other 

 trees, in August and September, after having deposited eggs in the 

 portion of the twig beyond the girdling. The winds of autumn break 

 the twig from the trees, and the portion containing the eggs falls to 

 the ground. The larvae feed upon the wood of the fallen twig, often 

 when numerous reducing it to a mere shell of bark, attain full 

 growth the next summer, pupate and produce images the following mm; above front 



view of head. 



autumn, the whole transformations requiring only a year. 



Pogonocherus is a genus of small longicorns, in which the front coxae are angulated, 

 the middle coxae open, and the claws divaricate. The body and legs bear long hairs, 

 and tufts of hair are found on the elytra. P. mixtus is one of the more common 

 species, and feeds upon willow. It is about 0.3 of an inch long, and is mottled light 

 and dark gray in color. Separated from Pogonocherus by the rounded anterior coxae 

 are the species of Acanthocinus, of which A. cedilis, from Europe, is figured. It appears 

 early in spring, and oviposits on many kinds of trees. A. obsoletus, a mottled gray 

 and black species, about 0.5 of an inch long, is not uncommon in the United States. 



Acrocinus longimanus, which is common in tropical America, is a very curious and 

 striking species of longicorn. The beetle is from 1 to 1.5 inches in length of body. 

 It is remarkable both for its excessively long anterior legs, of which the femora and 

 the tibiae are each equal to or longer than the body, and for having a large movable 

 spine articulated upon each side of its prothorax. In coloration it is yellow, gray, and 

 black, arranged in stripes of irregular pattern. It feeds upon the milky juice of Ficus 

 glabrata, in the wood of which its large fleshy larva bores. 



The species of Monohammus are large beetles having extremely long antennae, 

 especially in the males. The fore-legs of the males are much elongated. The pro- 

 thorax bears a strong lateral spine and the ventral segments are nearly equal in 

 length. M. confusor, which is brownish gray with the elytra spotted with black and 

 white, often reaches a length, exclusive of the antennae, of 1.4 inches. Its larvse, as 

 well as those of M. scutellatus and M. marmoratus, bore in pine wood, thus doing 

 considerable damage to timber. Prof. A. S. Packard says of the footless larva of M. 

 confusor. " Boring a hole, in outline round and regular, deep in the wood of sound, 

 though usually in decaying, trees, and doing much injury to pine timber; a large, 

 soft, white, fleshy, nearly cylindrical grub, the segment next the head larger than the 

 others, flattened, horny, and inclined obliquely downward and forward, the succeeding 

 rings very short, with a transverse oval rough space on the middle above and below, 

 pupating inside in the wood, the beetle emerging from a round hole half an inch in 

 diameter." M. scuteUatus, mentioned above, is shining black spotted with white, and 

 is very abundant about midsummer in the northern United States and in British 

 America. It is somewhat smaller than M. confusor, measuring from 0.5 to 1 inch 

 in length. 



o 



Closely related to Monohammus are the genera Plectrodera and Ptychodes. 

 Plectrodera scalator is about 1.5 inches long, of robust form, and is shining black 



