WEISMANN'S THEORY OF THE ftERMPLASM 91 



cance in the development of the state, as the ferti- 

 lised egg bears to the development of the adult. 

 The characters of the state, its different organisa- 

 tions for protection, for tilling the soil, for trade, 

 for government, and for education, must be explained 

 causally from the characters of the first pair, which 

 we take as the human rudiment, and from the outer 

 conditions under which that pair and the generations 

 that arose from it had to live. 



As the state develops, urban and district com- 

 munities, unions for husbandry and manufactures, 

 colleges of physicians, parliaments, ministries, 

 armies, and so forth, appear. All this visible com- 

 plexity depends upon individuals associated for 

 definite purposes and specialised in different direc- 

 tions. It would certainly not occur to anyone to 

 explain the growth of this complexity in the de- 

 veloping state by the assumption that this secondary 

 complexity was preformed as definite material par- 

 ticles present in the first pair, although the first 

 pair is the rudiment of the whole. Much comment 

 is unnecessary ; everyone must feel that this 

 attempt to explain the causal relations is on the 

 wrong track, that it is perverse to try to explain 

 the complex characters of the human state by a 

 system of architecturally arranged particles stored 

 within the first pair. The organisations arising 

 from the co-operation of many men are something 

 new, and cannot be regarded as present in the 

 organizations of one man. No doubt they depend, 

 in the last resort, upon human nature, but by no 

 means in this crude, mechanical fashion, 



