236 EVOLUTION [CHAP. Ill 



Letter 162 To C. Lyell. 



[Feb. i;th, 1863.] 



The same post that brought the enclosed brought 

 Dana's pamphlet 1 on the same subject, The whole seems to 

 me utterly wild. If there had not been the foregone wish 

 to separate men, I can never believe that Dana or any 

 one would have relied on so small a distinction as grown 

 man not using fore-limbs for locomotion, seeing that 

 monkeys use their limbs in all other respects for the same 

 purpose as man. To carry on analogous principles (for 

 they are not identical, in Crustacea the cephalic limbs are 

 brought close to mouth) from Crustacea to the classification 

 of mammals seems to me madness. Who would dream of 

 making a fundamental distinction in birds, from fore-limbs 

 not being used at all in [some] birds, or used as fins in the 

 penguin, and for flight in other birds? 



I get on slowly with your grand work, for I am over- 

 whelmed with odds and ends and letters. 



Letter 163 To J. D. Hooker. 



The following extract refers to Owen's paper in the Linn. Soc. Journal, 

 June, 1857, in which the classification of the Mammalia by cerebral 

 characters was proposed. In spite of the fact that men and apes are 



1 James Dwight Dana (1813-95) published numerous works on 

 Geology, Mineralogy, and Zoology. He was awarded the Copley Medal 

 by the Royal Society in 1877, and elected a foreign member in 1884. 

 The pamphlet referred to was published in Sillimaris Journal, Vol. XXV., 

 1863, pp. 65 and 71, also in the Annals and Magazine of Natural 

 History, Vol. XL, pp. 207-14, 1863: "On the Higher Subdivisions in 

 the Classification of Mammals." In this paper Dana maintains the 

 view that " Man's title to a position by himself, separate from the other 

 mammals in classification, appears to be fixed on structural as well as 

 psychical grounds" (p. 210). His description is as follows : 



I. ARCHONTIA (vel DIPODA) Man (alone). 

 II. MEGASTHENA. III. MICROSTHENA. 



Quadrumana. Cheiroptera. 



Carnivora. Insectivora. 



Herbivora. Rodentia. 



Mutilata. Bruta (Edentata). 



IV. OOTICOIDEA. 

 Marsupialia. 

 Monotremata. 



