III. THE ANTERIOR APPENDAGES. 



a. The shoulder girdle or pectoral arch on each side is closely 

 united to the sternum to form an incomplete ring of bones to which 

 the free limbs are attached. 



b. The paired lateral parts of the shoulder girdle are : ( i ) 

 Scapula; large ossified plate extending dorsally from the articulation 

 of the free limb. (2) Supra-scapula ; a very large cartilage con- 

 tinued dorsally from the scapula. (3) Coracoid ; a flat elongated bone 

 extending ventrally and inward from the articulation of the limb 

 towards its fellow from which it is separated by an epicoracoid car- 

 tilage. (4) Precoracoid; a cartilaginous band anterior to the cora- 

 coid and parallel to it, and more or less concealed by an ossified 

 clavicle along its anterior edge. 



c. The median unpaired parts are: (i) Sternum; a short flat 

 bone directly posterior to the epicoracoid cartilage. (2) Xiphister- 

 nuni ; a broad bilobed cartilage extending posteriorly from the ster- 

 num. (3) O mo sternum; a small cartilage anterior to the epicoracoid 

 cartilages, and separated from them by the sternum. 



d. Skeleton of the free-limb: (i) Humerus; the single bone of 

 the brachium. (2) Radio-ulna; a bone representing two fusecr 

 bones ( radius and ulna ) . When the arm is extended at right angles 

 to the body with palm ventral, the radial side is anterior, the ulnar 

 side posterior. (3) Carpus; making a complex joint between fore- 

 arm and digits of hand and composed of six small nodules of bone 

 or cartilage: First, proximally two (radiale, ulnare], side by side, 

 articulating respectively with radius and ulna ; second, distally three 

 (carpalia), of which the external is much the largest and artic- 

 ulates with digits 4, 3, 2, while the two small inner ones articulate 

 with digit i, and rudimentary digit i 1 ; third, a bone (centrale) 

 on the inner side of the wrist between the proximal and 

 distal rows. (4) Digits: each of the four digits contains a long 

 mctacarpal and three long phalanges, except the innermost finger 

 which has but two phalanges. A single metacarpal bone on the inner 

 ( radial ) and palmar side represents an additional radial digit, or 

 support for the cushion of the thumb. 



Draw and label the pectoral girdle and one anterior appendage. 



IV. POSTERIOR APPENDAGES. 



a. The hip-girdle or pelvic arch on each side is firmly united with 

 its fellow and joined to the sacrum, (i ) At the acetabiilum or artic- 

 ular facet for the femur, three radiating fissures mark out the divi- 

 sion into three parts: ilium anteriorly articulating with the sacrum; 



6. 



