154 OLAF GALL0E 



species of lichens (again no parasitic relation appears to arise), or, 

 lastly, to quite other plants, e. g. moss, heather, etc. 



Apical haptera put into the ground I have found in the more 

 differentiated podetium-wanderers, with distinctly procumbent mar- 

 ginal podetia, the apices of which occasionally come into contact 

 with the ground, and are then immediately transformed into pencil- 

 shaped bundles of hyphae, which penetrate into the ground, and 

 fix the podetia for the time being, and absorb water and nourish- 

 ment. The hyphae are frequently H- shaped by attachment to one 

 another (fusions), and they behave exactly like hypolhallal hyphae; 

 they attach themselves to mineral-grains, humus-particles, and dead 

 plant-remains with the structure intact, nor can it be microscopically 

 proved that they affect these bodies chemically. In one single case 

 1 have seen earth-algae (Zygogonmm-f\\amenis) entangled and attacked 

 by the haustoria of the hyphae, namely in Cladonia rangiferina; 

 otherwise earth-algae do not appear to be attacked by them. Apical 

 haptera put into the ground I have found in Cladonia furcata. 



Apical haptera which attach themselves to individuals of the 

 same species, I have observed in Cladonia crispata, coccifera, rangi- 

 formis, rangiferina, Cornicularia acnleata. 



Apical haptera which attach themselves to the podetia of other 

 species, I have found in Cladonia degenerans, rangiformis, uncialis, 

 rangiferina, Alectoria ochroleuca, Cornicularia acnleala, Bryopogon 

 jubalus v. nilidiilus. In none of these cases does the part attacked 

 appear to sustain any damage. The haptera appear to be exclusively 

 organs of attachment, not suckers. 



The lateral haptera put into the ground (in Cladonia gracilis, 

 furcata, rangiformis, uncialis, rangiferina) are biologically identical 

 with the apical haptera put into the ground. 



Lateral haptera between podetia of the same species (in Cladonia 

 papillaria, crispata, coccifera, Dufonrea arctica. mnricata, Cladonia 

 gracilis, rangiformis, uncialis, rangiferina, Thamnolia vennicularis, 

 Cornicularia aculeata, Si>ha>rophorus fragilis] are widely distributed. 

 The cortical layer of the podetia grow mutually together, but the 

 gonidium- and the medullary layers are not at all influenced by this. 



A totally different kind of haptera is found in Siphula ceratites, 

 where the podelia grow completely together, cortex with cortex, 

 medulla with medulla, etc.; Sernander has described this (1901). 



Lateral haptera put into other species (heather, moss and other 

 lichens) I have seen in Dufourea arctica, Siphula ceratites, Cladonia 



