vi PREFACE. 



been often most unexpectedly made good by the combined efforts 

 of philologists, physical anthropologists, and especially archaeolo- 

 gists, who have come to the welcome aid of the palethnologist, 

 hitherto groping almost helplessly in this dark field of human 

 origins. Thus the questions dealing with the early seats, migra- 

 tions, and later inter-relations of the Caucasic peoples on both 

 sides of the Mediterranean -Hamitic Berbers and Egyptians, 

 Iberians, Picts, Ligurians and Pelasgians may now be profitably 

 studied, thanks to the craniological measurements of Prof. Sergi 

 and Dr Collignon, the linguistic inquiries of the late G. von der 

 Gabelenz, and the antiquarian researches of Schliemann, de Morgan, 

 Prof. Flinders Petrie, and especially Mr A. J. F.vans, in various 

 parts of this most interesting of all ethnical domains. 



Availing myself of the results of their labours, I have here 

 endeavoured to show that the Berber and Basque races and 

 languages were originally one, that the Ligurians were not round- 

 headed Kelts but long-headed Afro-Europeans, and that the 

 Pelasgians belonged to the same pre- Hellenic stock, to which 

 must now be credited the ^Egean cultures of pre-Mykenaean and 

 Mykensean times. Should these conclusions be confirmed by 

 further investigation, modern research may claim to have recon- 

 structed the ethnical history of the wide-spread Mediterranean 

 peoples, who still form the substratum, and in some places even 

 the bulk, of the North African, Italian, Spanish, South French, 

 and British populations. 



By analogous processes the dense clouds of ignorance have 

 been somewhat dissipated in which have hitherto been wrapped 

 the origins, early migrations, and present relations of the Bantu 

 Negroes, of the proto-Malayan and Malagasy members of the 

 Oceanic Mongol family, of the Koreans and Japanese, of the Jats 

 and Rajputs, of the Uigurs, Samoyads, and other less known 

 Finno-Turki groups, and, passing to the New World, of the 

 Dakotan Redskins, of the Aztecs, Mayas, Quechua-Aymaras, 

 Caribs and Arawaks. 



Another no less important object has been the elucidation of 

 those general principles scarcely more than formulated in the 

 Ethnology which are concerned with the psychic unity, the social 

 institutions and religious ideas of primitive and later peoples. 



