MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. 



[CHAP. 



Physical 

 Charac- 

 ters. 



Mental 

 Charac- 

 ters. 



Main 

 Divisions. 



Hair, always black, rather short, and crisp or frizzly, 

 not woolly, differing from other human hair only in being 

 flat in transverse section ; colour, very dark brown or 

 chocolate and blackish, never quite black ; skull, generally 

 dolichocephalous (long, index No. 72) ; jaws, prognathous 

 (projecting, i7idex No. 60) ; cheek-bone, rather small, 

 moderately retreating, rarely prominent ; nose, very broad 

 at base, fiat, small {platyrrhine, No. 56) ; eyes, large, 

 round, prominent, black with yelloivish cornea ; stature, 

 above the average, 5 ft. 10 in.; lips, tumid and everted ; 

 arms, disproportionately lotig ; legs, slender with small 

 calves ; feet, broad, fiat, vvith low instep and larkspur 

 heel. 



Temperament, sensuous, indolent, improvident ; fit- 

 ful, passionate and cruel, though often affectionate and 

 faithful; little sense of dignity, and slight self-consciousness, 

 hence easy acceptance of yoke of slavery ; musical. 



Speech, almost everywhere in the agglutinating state, 

 generally with suffixes. 



Religion, anthropomorphic; spirits endowed with 

 human attributes, mostly evil and more powerful than 

 man ; ancestry-worship, fetishism, and witchcraft very 

 prevalent; human sacrifices to the dead a common 

 feature. 



Culture, low; cannibalism formerly rife, perhaps uni- 

 versal, still general in some regions ; no science or letters; 

 arts and industries confined mainly to agriculture, pottery, 

 wood-carving, weaving, and metallurgy ; no perceptible 

 progress anywhere except under the influence of higher 

 races. 



West Sudanese: Wolof ; Mandingan ; Felup ; 

 Timni ; Kru ; Sierra Leonese ; Liberian ; Tshi,Ewe,and 

 Yoruba ; Ibo ; Efik ; Borgu ; Mossi. 



Central Sudanese : Sonrhay ; Hausa ; Mosgu ; 

 Kanembu ; Kamiri ; Baghirmi ; Yedina. 



East Sudanese: Maba ; Fur; Nuba; Skill uk ; 

 Dinka ; Bari ; Abaka ; Bongo ; Janghey ; Mangbattu ; 

 Zandeh ; Momfu ; Base; Barea. 



