/O MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



reputed founder of the monarchy about 800 A.D. Duku, second 

 in descent from Sef, is doubtfully referred to about 

 Bomu 850 A.D. Hame, founder of a new dynasty, 



flourished towards the end of the nth century 

 (1086 1097), and Dunama, one of his successors, is said to 

 have extended his sway over a great part of the Sahara, in- 

 cluding the whole of Fezzan (1221 59). Under Omar (1394 

 1398) a divorce took place between Kanem and Bornu, and 

 henceforth the latter country has remained the chief centre of 

 political power in the Chad basin. 



A long series of civil wars was closed by Ali (1472 1504), 

 who founded the present capital, Birni, and whose grandson, 

 Muhammad, brought the empire of Bornu to the highest pitch of 

 its greatness (1526 45). Under Ahmed (1793 1810) began 

 the wars with the Fulahs, who, after bringing the empire to the 

 verge of ruin, were at last overthrown by the aid of the Kanem 

 people, and since 1819 Bornu has been ruled by the present 

 Kanemiyin dynasty, while Kanem itself has been wasted by the 

 lawless Tuaregs and made " the wild hunting-ground of continual 

 adventurous ghazzias from every quarter." In Earth's time 

 Barawa, at the eastern end of the Anglo-French border-line, 

 running from the Niger to Lake Chad, had to pay blackmail to 

 the Tuareg freebooters. 



EASTERN SUDANESE. 



As some confusion prevails regarding the expression "Eastern 

 Sudan," I may here explain that it bears a very 



Range of the 



Negro in East- different meaning, according as it is used in a 

 political or an ethnical sense. Politically it is 

 practically synonymous with Egyptian Sudan, that is the whole 

 region from Darfur to the Red Sea which was ruled or misruled 

 by the Khedivial Government before the revolt of the Mahdi 

 (1883 4), and has been restored to Egypt by the British occu- 

 pation of Khartum in 1898. Ethnically Eastern Sudan comprises 

 all the lands east of the Chad Basin, where the Negro or Negroid 

 populations are predominant, that is to say, Waday, Darfur, and 

 Kordofan in the West, the Nile Valley from the frontier of Egypt 



