122 MAN: PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



Bantus, but full of clicks like that of the Bushmen. Two 

 Sandawi skulls examined by Virchow ] showed distinct Hottentot 

 characters, with a cranial capacity of 1250 and 1265 c.c., pro- 

 jecting upper jaw and orthodolicho head 2 . The geographical 

 prefix Kwa, common in the district (Kwa-Kokue, Kwa-Mtoro, 

 Kwa-Hindi), is pure Hottentot, meaning " people," like the 

 postfix qua (Kwa] of Kora-^7/0, Nama-^//# &c. in the present 

 Hottentot domain. The transposition of prefixes and postfixes 

 is a common linguistic phenomenon, as seen in the Sumero- 

 Akkadian of Babylonia, in the Neo-Sanskritic tongues of India, 

 and the Latin, Oscan, and other members of the Old Italic 

 group. 



Farther south a widely-diffused Hottentot-Bushman geo- 

 graphical terminology attests the former range of 

 geographical this primitive race all over South Africa, as far 

 Names in north as the Zambesi. Lichten stein had already 



Bantuland. 



discovered such traces in the Zulu country 3 , and 

 Vater points out that " for some districts the fact has been 

 fully established; mountains and rivers now occupied by the 

 Koossa [Ama-Xosa] preserve in their Hottentot names the certain 

 proof that they at one time formed a permanent possession of this 

 people 4 ." 



Thanks to the custom of raising heaps of stones or cairns over 

 the graves of renowned chiefs, the migrations of the Hottentots 

 may be followed in various directions to the very heart of South 

 Zambesia. Here the memory of their former presence is per- 

 petuated in the names of such water-courses as Nos-ob, Up, 

 Mol-opo, Hyg-ap, Gar-ib, in which the syllables ob, up, <?/, ib and 

 others are variants of the Hottentot word tb, ip, water, river, as 

 in Gar-ib, the " Great River," now better known as the Orange 



1 Verhandl. Berliner Gcsellsch.f. Anthrop. 1895, p. 59. 



Of another skull undoubtedly Hottentot, from a cave on the Transvaal 

 and Orange Free State frontier, Dr Mies remarks that "seine Form ist 

 orthodolichocephal wie bei den Wassandaui," although differing in some other 

 characters (CentralbLf. Anthrop. 1896, p. 50). 



3 From which he adds that the Hottentots "schon lange vor der Portu- 

 giesischen Umschiffung Afrika's von Kaffer-Stammen wieder zuriickgedrangt 

 wurden" (Reisen, I. p. 400). 



4 Adelung und Vater, Berlin, 1812, ill. p. 290. 



