V.] THE OCEANIC NEGROES: PAPUASIANS. 129 



PAPUASIANS. 



FROM the data supplied in Ethnology, Chap. XL a reconstruction 

 may be attempted of the obscure ethnical relations 

 in Australasia on the following broad lines. 



1. The two main sections of the Ethiopic Relations in 



Oceania. 



division of mankind, now separated by the inter- 

 vening waters of the Indian Ocean, are fundamentally one. 



2. To the Sudanese and Bantu sub-sections in Africa corre- 

 spond, mutatis mutandis, the Papuan and Australian sub-sections 

 in Oceania, the former being distinguished by great linguistic 

 diversity, the latter by considerable linguistic uniformity, and 

 both by a rather wide range of physical variety within certain 

 well-marked limits. 



3. In Africa the physical varieties are due mainly to Semitic 

 and Hamitic grafts on the Negro stock ; in Oceania mainly to 

 Mongol (Malay) and Caucasian (Indonesian) grafts on the same 

 Negro stock. 



4. The Negrito element in Africa has its counterpart in 

 an analogous Negrito element in Oceania (Andamanese, Sakais, 

 Aetas). 



5. In both regions the linguistic confusion is mainly confined 

 to a single compact area (Sudan and New Guinea), and in both 

 presents similar features a large number of languages differing 

 profoundly in their grammatical structure and vocabularies, but all 

 belonging to the same agglutinative order of speech, and also more 

 or less to the same phonetic system. 



6. In both regions the linguistic uniformity is similarly con- 

 fined to one or two geographical areas (Bantuland in Africa ; 

 Australia and Melanesia in Oceania) ; but while the uniformity 

 is almost absolute in Bantuland and Melanesia, it is limited in 

 Australia to identical agglutinative and phonetic systems with 

 more or less grammatical and lexical diversity 1 . 



7. In Bantuland and Australia the two respective linguistic 



1 Yet the late Horatio Hale, \vho had given much attention to the subject, 

 held that all the Australian tongues sprang from one stock, which was itself 

 of Dravidian origin. (Language as a Test of Menial Capacity, in Transactions 

 R. Soc. of Canada, 1891.) 



K. O 



