MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 







when exposed to the weather a dark brown, nearly the colour of 

 our American Indians. Rosy cheeks are quite common amongst 

 the younger women 1 ." 



Some of these characters wavy hair, aquiline nose, hazel eye, 

 rosy cheeks are not Mongolic, and despite Mr Rockhill's certi- 

 ficate of racial purity, one is led to suspect a Caucasic strain, 

 perhaps through the neighbouring Salars. These are no doubt some- 

 times called Kara-Tangutans, "Black Tangutans," from the colour 

 of their tents, but we learn from Potanin, who visited them in i885 2 , 

 that they are Muhammadans of Turki stock and speech, and we 

 already know 3 that from a remote period the Turki people were in 

 close contact with Caucasians. The Salars pitch their tents on 

 the banks of the Khitai and other Yang-tse-Kiang head streams. 



That the national name Bod-pa must be of considerable anti- 

 quity is evident from the Sanskrit expression Bho- 



The Bhotiyas. . , . , ,- . , . ' . , , , 



tiya, derived from it, and long applied by the 

 Hindus collectively to all southern Tibetans, but especially to 

 those of the Himalayan slopes, such as the Rongs (Lepchas) of 

 Sikkim and the Lho-pa dominant in Bhutan, properly B hot-ant, 

 that is, "Land's End" -the extremity of Tibet. Eastwards also the 

 Tibetan race stretches far beyond the political frontiers into the 

 Koko-nor region (Tanguts), and the Chinese province of Se-chuan, 

 where they are grouped with all the other Si-fan aborigines. To- 

 wards the south-east are the kindred Tawangs, Mishmi, Miri, 

 Padams (AborY, Daflas, and others about the Assam borderlands, 

 all of whom may be regarded as true Bhotiyas in the wild state. 

 Through these the primitive Tibetan race extends into. Burma, 



where however it has become greatly modified and 

 Expansion^ again civilised under different climatic and cul- 

 the Tibetan tural influences. Thus we see how, in the course 



D OQg 



of ages, the Bhot-pa have widened their domain, 



1 Notes on the Ethnology of Tibet, 1895, p. 675. 



2 Isvestia, XXI. 3. 3 Ethnology, p. 305. 



4 Abor, i.e. "independent," is the name applied by the Assamese to the 

 East Himalayan hill tribes who ca.ll themselves Padam and Hrasso, and are the 

 Slo of the Tibetans. These are all affiliated by Desgodins to the Lho-pa of 

 Bhutan (Bui. Sec. Geogr., October, 1877, p. 431), and are to be distinguished 

 from the Bori (i.e. "dependent") tribes of the plains, all more or less Hinduized 

 Bhotiyas (Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 22 sq.). 



