230 MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



Mangkdssaras in Celebes; Tagalas, Bisayans, Bicols, 

 llocanos and Pangasinanes in Philippines ; Aborigines of 

 Formosa; Nicobar Islanders; Hovas, Betsimisarakas, and 

 Sakalavas in Madagascar. 



Malays Proper (Historical Malays}: Menangkabau 

 (Sumatra]; Malay Peninsula; Pinang, Singapore, Lingga, 

 Bangka ; Borneo Coastlands ; Tidor, Ternate ; Amboina; 

 Parts of the Sulla Archipelago. 



IN the Oceanic domain, which for ethnical purposes begins 



Ran e of he ^ t ^ ie nec k ^ ^e Malay Peninsula, the Mongol 

 Oceanic peoples range from Madagascar eastwards to For- 



mosa and Mikronesia, but are found in compact 

 masses chiefly on the mainland, in the Sunda Islands (Sumatra, 

 Java, Bali, Lombok, Borneo, Celebes) and in the Philippines. 

 Even here they have mingled in many places with other popula- 

 tions, forming fresh ethnical groups, in which the Mongol element 

 is not always conspicuous. Such fusions have taken place with 

 the Negrito aborigines in the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines; 

 with Papuans in Mikronesia, Flores, and other islands east of 

 Lombok; with Caucasic Indonesians in Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, 

 Halmahera (Jilolo), parts of the Philippines 1 , and perhaps also 

 Timor and Ceram ; and with African negroes (Bantus) in Mada- 

 gascar. To unravel some of these racial entanglements is one of 

 the most difficult tasks in anthropology, and in the absence of 

 detailed information cannot yet be everywhere attempted with 

 any prospect of success. 



The problem has been greatly, though perhaps inevitably 

 complicated by the indiscriminate extension of the 

 term " Ma lay" to all tnes e and even to other 

 mixed Oceanic populations farther east, as, for 

 instance, in the expression " Malayo-Polynesian," applied by 

 many writers not only in a linguistic, but also in an ethnical 



1 Here Dr E. T. Hamy finds connecting links between the true Malays and 

 the Indonesians in the Bicols of Albay and the Bisayas of Panay (Les Races 

 JMalaiques et Americaines, in L'Anthropologie, 1896, p. 136). Used in this 

 extended sense, Hamy's Malaiqne corresponds generally to our Malayan, as 

 defined presently. 



