IX.] THE NORTHERN MONGOLS. 317 



to their Mongol and Tungus kinsmen. There is nothing to show 

 that the Yakuts, who are admittedly of Turki stock, ever migrated 

 to their present northern homes in the Lena basin, which has more 

 probably always been their native land 1 . 



But when they come within the horizon of history the Turks 

 are already a numerous nation, with a north-western and south- 

 eastern division 2 , which may well have jointly occupied the whole 

 region from the Irtysh to the Lena, and both views may thus be 

 reconciled. In any case the Turki domain lay west of the 

 Mongol, and the Altai uplands, taken in the widest sense, may 

 still be regarded as the most probable zone of specialisation for 

 the Turki physical type, which in the new nomenclature intro- 

 duced or revived by De Lapouge, was formed by a fusion of Homo 

 Asiaticus and If. Europeans with his ubiquitous H. Acrogonus. 

 Of these elements is constituted the characteristic Turki head, 

 which is noted for its cuboid aspect, due to the parieto-occipital 

 flattening, as observed especially among the Yakuts, and some 

 Turkomans (Yomuds, Goklans). 



Intermediate between these typical Turks and the Mongols 

 Dr Hamy places the Usbegs, Kirghiz, Bashkirs, and Nogais; and 

 between the Turks and Finns those extremely mixed groups of 

 East Russia commonly but wrongly called " Tartars," as well as 

 other transitions between Turk, Slav, Greek, Arab, Osmanli of 

 Constantinople, Kurugli of Algeria and others, whose study shows 

 the extreme difficulty of accurately determining the limits of the 

 Yellow and the White races 3 . 



Analogous difficulties recur in the study of the Northern 



(Siberian) groups Samoyads, Ostyaks, Voguls and other Ugrians 



-who present great individual variations, leading almost without 



a break from the Mongol to the Lapp, from the Lapp to the Finn, 



1 See Ch. de Ujfalvy, Les Aryens &c. 1896, p. 25. Reference should per- 

 haps be also made to Mr E. H. Parker's theory {Academy, Dec. 21, 1895) that 

 the Turki cradle lay, not in the Altai or Altun-dagh ("Golden Mountains") of 

 North Mongolia, but 1000 miles farther south in the "Golden Mountains" 

 {Kin-shan} of the present Chinese province of Kansu. But the evidence relied 

 on is not satisfactory, and indeed in one or two important instances not evidence 

 at all. 



2 Prof. Bury, English Historical Rev. July 1897. 



3 I? Anthropologie^ vi. No. 3. 



