37O MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



the Kwakiutls are shorter, with very high and relatively narrow 

 hooked nose, and quite exceptionally high face ; the Harrison 

 Lake very short, with exceedingly short and broad head, " sur- 

 passing in this respect all other forms known to exist in North 

 America"; lastly, the inland Salish rather tall (5 ft. 8 in.), with 

 high and wide nose of the characteristic Indian form. 



It would be difficult to find anywhere a greater contrast than 

 that which is presented by some of these British Columbian 

 natives, those, for instance, of Harrison Lake with almost circular 

 heads (88-8), and some of the Labrador Eskimos with a degree 

 of dolichocephaly not exceeded even by the Fijian Kai-Colos (65) *. 

 But this violent contrast is somewhat toned by the intermediate 

 forms, such as those of the Thlinkits, the Aleutian islanders, and 

 the western (Alaskan) Eskimo, by which the transition is effected 

 between the Arctic and the more southern populations. It is 

 also to be noticed that the skulls brought in 1869 from North-east 

 Greenland by A. Pansch, of the 2nd German North Polar Expe- 

 dition, and studied by Soren Hansen, show a medium cephalic 

 index as high as 75, with an extreme range from 71-3 to 8i'i~. 

 Assuming that the Skrdllinger of the early Norse records were 

 Eskimo ancestors of the present Greenland Eskimo, about 

 Origins and which there is not much room for doubt, the eastern 



Migrations. 1-1 r \ 



and many think purest section of this race has been 

 in touch with Europeans ever since the discovery of the New 

 World by Eric the Red about 980 A.D. They appear to have 

 formerly ranged as far south as Massachusetts, where they were 

 again met in 1004 by Thorvald about Kjalarnes (Keel-ness), which 

 has been identified with the present Cape Cod. The Norse 

 account applies badly or not at all to the Algonquians or any 

 other Indians, but quite well to the Eskimos, described as of 

 small size, dark colour, and broad features, using skin canoes 



1 W. L. H. Duckworth, Jour. Anthrop. Inst. August, 1895. 



2 Centralblattf. Anthropologie, etc., 1896, pp. 137-8. Amongst these skulls, 

 which despite considerable variations present all the recognised features of the 

 Eskimo type and especially the characteristic high pyramidal form, Mr Hansen 

 found one, "an welchem die Schlafenlinien beiderseits sehr hoch lagen, und nur 

 durch einen etwa 2 cm. breiten aufgetriebenen Scheitelkamm getrennt waren, 

 ganz wie bei den menschenahnlichen Affen,'" 1 Another (from North-west 

 Greenland) presented the lowest nasal index yet measured (33*9). 



