XL] THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES. 435 



20 S. lat. (Layanas, Kwanas, etc.), east to the Amazons estuary 

 (Aritan], and north-west to the Goajira peninsula. To this great 

 family which von den Steinen proposes to call Nu-Aruak from 

 the pronominal prefix nu - I, common to most of the tribes- 

 belong also the Maypures of the Orinoco ; the Atarais and 

 Vapisianas of British Guiana ; the Manaos of the Rio Negro ; the 

 Yumanas ; the Paumarys and Ipurinas of the Ipuri basin, and 

 the Mokos of the Upper Mamore. 



Physically the Arawaks differ from the Caribs scarcely, if at 

 all more than their Amazonian and Guiana sections differ from 

 each other. In fact, but for their radically distinct speech it 

 would be impossible to constitute these two ethnical divisions, 

 which are admittedly based on linguistic grounds. But while the 

 Caribs had their cradle in Central Brazil and migrated northwards, 

 the Arawaks would on the contrary now appear to have originated 

 in the north (Guiana, Antilles), and spread thence southwards 

 beyond the Amazons-Parana watershed into the Paraguay basin. 



Our third great Brazilian division, the Gesan family, takes its 

 name from the syllable ges 1 which, like the Araucan 

 che, forms the final element of several tribal names Family & 

 in East Brazil. Of these the most characteristic 

 are the Aimores of the Serra dos Aimores coast-range, who are 

 better known as Botocudos, and it was to the kindred tribes of 

 the province of Goyaz that the arbitrary collective name of " Ges " 

 was first applied by Martius. A better general designation would 

 perhaps have been Tapuya^ " Strangers," " Enemies," a term by 

 which the Tupi people called all other natives of that region who 

 were not of their race or speech, or rather who were not "Tupi," 

 that is, "Allies " or "Associates." Tapuya had been adopted some- 

 what in this sense by the early Portuguese writers, who however 

 applied it somewhat loosely not only to the Aimores, but also to 

 a large number of kindred and other tribes as far north as the 

 Amazons estuary 2 . 



1 An alternative which met with little favour, was cran, "chief," also a 

 tribal ending of frequent occurrence, as in Macamecran, of the Tocantins. 



2 "Tapuyas, nacao d' Indies, tronco de numerosas tribus derramadas por 

 varias provincias do Brazil, principalmente pelas do Maranhao e do Ceara.. 

 Havia tambem algumas tribus d' esta nacao no maritime de Pernambuco... 



282 



