436 MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



To the same connection belong several groups in Goyaz 

 already described by Milliet and Martius, and again lately visited 

 by Ehrenreich and von den Steinen. Such are the Kayapos or 

 Suyas, a large nation with several divisions between the Araguaya 

 and Xingu rivers ; and the Akuas, better known as Cherentes, 

 about the upper course of the Tocantins. Isolated Tapuyan 

 tribes, such as the Kame's or Kaingangs, wrongly called " Coro- 

 ados," and the Choglengs of Santa Catharina and Rio Grand 

 do Sul, are scattered over the southern provinces of Brazil. 



The Tapuyas would thus appear to have formerly occupied 

 the whole of East Brazil from the Amazons to the Plate River for 

 an unknown distance inland. Here they must be regarded as 

 the true aborigines, who were in remote times already encroached 

 upon, and broken into isolated fragments, by tribes of the Tupi- 

 Guarani stock spreading from the interior seawards 1 . 



Both in their physical characters and extremely low cultural 

 state, or rather the almost total absence of anything that can be 

 called "culture," the Tapuyas are the nearest representatives and 

 probably the direct descendants of the primitive race, whose 

 osseous remains have been found in the Lagoa Santa caves, and 

 the Santa Catharina shell-mounds. On anatomic grounds the 

 Botocudos are allied both to the Lagoa Santa fossil 



Thp 



Botocudos. man an d to the Sambaqui race by J. R. Peixoto, 

 who describes the skull as marked by prominent 

 glabella and superciliary arches, keel or roof-shaped vault, vertical 

 lateral walls, simple sutures, receding brow, deeply depressed 

 nasal root, high prognathism, massive lower jaw, and long head 

 (index 73'3o) with cranial capacity 1,480 cc. for men, and 1,212 

 for women 2 . It is also noteworthy that some of the Botocudos 3 



Traziao mettidas em buracos que faziao nas orelhas e no beico inferior, rodellas 

 de madeira (Milliet de Saint-Adolphe, vol. 1 1. p. 689). 



1 " D'apres Goncales Dias les tribus bresiliennes descendraient de deux 

 races absolument distinctes : la race conquerante des Tupi, et la race vaincue, 

 pourchassee, des Tapuya" (V. de Saint-Martin, VII. p. 517). 



2 Novos Estudios Craniologicos sobre os Botocndos, Rio Janeiro, 1882, passim. 



3 Possibly so called from the Portuguese botoque, a barrel plug, from the 

 wooden plug or disc formerly worn by all the tribes both as a lip ornament and 

 an ear-plug, distending the lobes like great leathern bat's-wings down to the 

 shoulders. But this embellishment is called tcinbeitera by the Brazilians, and 



