454 MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



sation in all its fulness and to many of his details. To constitute 

 a distinct race, says M. Zahorowski, a wide geographical area is 

 needed, such as is presented by both shores of the Mediterranean 

 " with the whole of North Africa including the Sahara, which was 

 till lately still thickly peopled" 1 . Then to the question by whom 

 has this North African and Mediterranean region been inhabited 

 since quaternary times, he answers "by the ancestors of our 

 Libyans, Egyptians, Pelasgtans, Iberians"; and after rejecting the 

 Asiatic theory, he elsewhere arrives at " the grand generalisation 

 that the whole of North Africa, connected by land with Europe 

 in the Quaternary epoch, formed part of the geographical area 

 of the ancient white race, of which the Egyptians, so far from 

 being the parent stem, would appear to be merely a branch 2 ." 

 Coming to details, Dr Bertholon 3 , from the human remains 

 found by M. Carton at Bulla-Regia, determines for 



Early Euro- . . 



peanandMau- lunisia and surrounding lands two mam long- 



neaded types, one like the Neanderthal (occurring 

 both in Khumeria, and in the stations abounding in 

 palseoliths), the other like the later Cro-Magnon dolmen-builders, 

 whom De Quatrefages had already identified with the tall, long- 

 headed, fair, and even blue-eyed Berbers still met in various parts 

 of Mauritania, and formerly represented in the Canary Islands 4 . 

 Bertholon agrees with Dr Collignon that the Mauritanian megalith- 

 builders are of the same race as those of Europe, and besides the 

 two long-headed races describes (i) a short round-headed type in 

 Gerba Island and East Tunisia 5 representing the Libyans proper, 



1 " Le nord de 1'Afrique entiere, y comprls le Sahara naguere encore fort 

 peuple," i.e. of course relatively speaking (Du Dniester a la Caspienne, in Bid. 

 Soc. d' Anthrop. 1896, p. 81 sq. 



2 Ibid. p. 654 sq. 



3 Resume de V Anthropologie de la Tunisie, 1896, p. 4 sq. 



1 Ethnology, p. 376. This identity is confirmed by the characters of three 

 skulls from the dolmens of Madracen near Batna, Algeria, now in the Con- 

 stantine Museum, found by MM. Letourneau and Papillaut to present striking 

 affinities with the long-headed Cro-Magnon race (Ceph. Index 70, 74, 78) ; 

 leptoprosope with prominent glabella, notable alveolar prognathism, and sub- 

 occipital bone projecting chignon-fashion at the back (Bid. Soc. (PAnthrop. 

 1896, p. 347). 



5 He shows (Exploration Anlhropologique de rile de Gerba, in VAnthropo- 



