XII.] THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES. 455 



and (2) a blond type of the Sahel, Khumeria, and other parts, 

 whom he identifies with the Mazices of Herodotus, with the " Afri," 

 whose name has been extended to the whole continent, and the 

 blond Getulians of the Aures Mts. 



Bertholon still holds to the old view that these may all have 

 been immigrants from Europe during the Stone Ages. But at 

 that time the stream of migration for all the fauna set the other 

 way, and it is noteworthy that the horse which belongs to the 

 Asiatic zoological world does not appear in Africa till quite recent 

 (historic) times, although it had already ranged into Europe in the 

 Old Stone (Solutrian) epoch. Such an animal could scarcely 

 fail to have accompanied the men of the Stone Ages into North 

 Africa had their movements been in that direction, and would 

 thus have been known to those Libyans of the " New Race " who 

 soon after the 6th dynasty formed permanent settlements in Upper 

 Egypt, and also to the Egyptians themselves at the very dawn of 

 their history. Yet M. Pietrement has conclusively shown that the 

 horse is nowhere figured on any of the Egyptian monuments 

 before the Hyksos irruption at the close of the Middle Empire 1 . 

 Thus, the migrations were from Africa, and in this favourable en- 

 vironment, rather than in the periodically ice-clad Europe, took 

 place those slow differentiations by which the pleistocene man of 

 the Neanderthal type gradually became the Afro-European whom 

 we now call Caucasian. 



logic, 1897. p. 424 sq.) that the North African brown brachycephalics, forming 

 the substratum in Mauritania, and very pure in Gerba, resemble the European 

 populations the more they have avoided contact with foreign races. He 

 quotes H. Martin: "Le type brun qui domine dans la Grande Kabylie du 

 Jurjura ressemble singulierement en majorite au type francais brun. Si 1'on 

 habillait ces hommes de vetements europeens, vous ne les distingueriez pas de 

 paysans ou de soldats francais." He compares them especially to the Bretons, 

 and agrees with Martin that "il y a parmi les Berberes bruns des brachycepha- 

 les ; je croirais volontiers que les brachycephales bruns sont des Ligures. 

 Libyens et Ligures paraissent avoir ete originairement de la meme race." He 

 thinks the very names are the same: "At/Sues est exactement le meme mot que 

 Aiyves ; rien n'etait plus frequent dans les dialectes primitifs que la mutation du 



b en g." 



1 Les Ckevaux dans les Temps Prehistoriques, etc. in BnL Soc. tT'Anthrop. 

 1896, p. 657 sq. 



