XII.] THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES. 471 



causes have produced the same effects, and that from the infusion 

 of a certain proportion of black blood in the Egyptian [eastern] 

 and Berber branches of the Hamites, there have sprung closely 

 analogous mixed groups 1 ." From the true Negro they are also 

 distinguished by their grave and dignified bearing, and still more 

 by their far greater intelligence. One of the visitors to Paris 

 taught himself enough French to expound such abstruse terms 

 as doctrine, which was the chemin droit "right road," his hand 

 pointing from earth to heaven, and substance, which was explained 

 by a walking-stick " heavy, black, hard," the rest substance, thus 

 plunging into the subtleties of the Schoolmen with their distinc- 

 tions between substantia and accidentalia. 



Both divisions of the Hamite, continues Sergi, agree sub- 

 stantially in their bony structure, and thus form a 

 single anthropological group with variable skull- Harnitk^Type 

 pentagonoid, ovoid, ellipsoid, sphenoid, etc., as ex- 

 pressed in his new terminology but constant, that is, each variety 

 recurring in all the branches ; face also variable (tetragonal, 

 ellipsoid, etc.), but similarly identical in all the branches ; profile 

 non-prognathous ; eyes dark, straight, not prominent; nose straight 

 or arched ; hair smooth, curly, long, black or chestnut ; beard 

 full, also scant; lips thin or slightly tumid, never protruding; 

 skin of various brown shades; stature medium or tall. 



Such is the great anthropological division, which was diffused 

 continuously over a vast area in North Africa, Europe, and Asia ; 

 differing however with the different physical environments in its 

 secondary characters, which appear not as individual variations, 

 but as inherited varieties, persisting through all time, in fact 

 behaving like the varieties of a well established zoological 

 species. 



Nothing is more astonishing than this strange persistence not 

 merely of the Berber type, but of the Berber temperament and 

 nationality since the Stone Ages, despite the successive invasions 

 of foreign peoples during the historic period. First came the 

 Sidonian Phoenicians, founders of Carthage and Utica probably 

 about 1500 B.C. The Greek occupation of Cyrenaica (628 B.C.) 



1 p. 269. 



