XIV.] THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES. 523 



However this may be, the peoples of Keltic speech can never 

 be shown to be true Aryans of the Teutonic type, 



f . . , . The Kelts. 



but only tribes most probably of the Alpine type 

 Aryanised in speech in very remote times, and apparently before 

 their appearance in Europe. This may almost be inferred from 

 the consideration that, as far back as they can be traced, they are 

 already found split into two linguistic sections, which, from the 

 interchange of the letters P and Q in the two sister tongues, have 

 been called by Prof. Rhys the P- and the Q-Kelts. Reference to 

 the common Aryan speech shows that Q is original, i.e. the shift 

 has been, not from P to Q, but from Q to P, so that 

 the Q-speaking Kelts should so far be regarded as Kelts" 

 the elder branch. Both still survive in what has 

 been called the "Keltic fringe," that is, the strips of territory on 

 the skirts of the Teutonic and Neo-Latin domains in the extreme 

 west- Brittany, Wales, parts of Ireland, the Scotch Highlands and 

 the Isle of Man where Keltic dialects are still spoken. In 

 Welsh and Breton, also in Cornish, extinct before the close of the 

 1 8th century,/, often voiced to b, takes the place of q, normally 

 changed to c = k, in Irish, Gaelic (Highland Scotch), and Manx 1 . 

 Thus the Irish mac, son, answers to the Welsh map, ap, p, as in 

 Ap-John, P-rice; cen, head (as in Kinsale, "Old Head") =pen, 

 ben (as in Penryn in Cornwall, Penrhyn in Wales, Ben-Lomond 

 in Scotland). With this cue is partly revealed the vast domain 

 formerly occupied on the mainland by peoples of Keltic speech, 

 as seen in the Italian A-pen-nines (cf. Pennine chain in England), 

 the Penha range in Portugal, etc. 



It is noteworthy that this geographical terminology belongs 

 mostly to the P branch, as if in the first migrations, apparently 

 from Asia Minor through the Balkan Peninsula to and up the 



which he regards as jointly constituting with the round-headed Slav and Keltic 

 the true primitive stock of Aryan speech in Europe. It is all very confusing, 

 and one finds the greatest difficulty in threading this maze of ethnological 

 contradictions created by the new theories of Sergi and de Lapouge super- 

 imposed on the old "orthodox Aryan views." 



1 Manx, which is not a mere dialect of Irish, but a sister tongue, is credited 

 with traces of the original Aryan qn = kw; but the point is doubtful, as the 

 sound may be, not a survival, but a revival like the French quoi (H. Bradley). 



