VIII.] THE NORTHERN MONGOLS. 287 



are fishers on the Arctic coast, hunters in the East Siberian 

 woodlands, and for the most part sedentary tillers of the soil 

 and townspeople in the rich alluvial valleys of the Amur and its 

 southern affluents. The Russians, from whom we get the term 

 Tungus 1 , recognise these various pursuits, and speak of Horse, 

 Cattle, Reindeer, Dog, Steppe, and Forest Tunguses, besides the 

 settled farmers and stock-breeders of the Amur. Their original 

 home appears to have been the Shan-Alin up- 

 lands, where they dwelt with the kindred Niu-Chi ^^ and 

 (Manchus) till the i3th century, when the disturb- 

 ances brought about by the wars and conquests of Jenghiz Khan 

 drove them to their present seat in East Siberia. The type, 

 although essentially Mongolic in the somewhat flat features, very 

 prominent cheek-bones, slant eyes, long lank hair, yellowish brown 

 colour and low stature, seems to show admixture with a higher 

 race in the shapely frame, the nimble, active figure, and quick, 

 intelligent expression, and especially in the variable skull. While 

 generally round (indices 80 to 84), the head is sometimes flat 

 on the top, like that of the true Mongol, sometimes high and short, 

 which, as Dr Hamy tells us, is specially characteristic of the 

 Turki race' 2 . 



1 Either from the Chinese Tunghu, " Eastern Barbarians," or from the 

 Turki Tinghiz, as in Isaac Massa : per interpretes se Tingoesi vocari dixerunt 

 (Descriptio etc., Amsterdam, 1612). But there is no collective national name, 

 and at present they call themselves Don-ki, Sola, Bole, etc., terms all meaning 

 "Men," "People." In the Chinese records they are referred to under the 

 name of I-lu so early as 263 A.D., when they dwelt in the forest region between 

 the Upper Temen and Yalu rivers on the one hand and the Pacific Ocean on 

 the other, and paid tribute in kind sable furs, bows, and stone arrow-heads. 

 Arrows and stone arrow-heads were also the tribute paid to the emperors of 

 the Shang dynasty (1766-1154 B.C.) by the Su-s/iefi, who dwelt north of the 

 Liao-tung peninsula, so that we have here official proof of a Stone Age of long 

 duration in Manchuria. Later, the Chinese chronicles mention the U-ki or 

 Mo~ho, a warlike people of the Sungari valley and surrounding uplands, who 

 in the yth century founded the kingdom of Pu-hai, overthrown in 925 by the 

 Khitans of the Lower Sungari below its Noni confluence, who were themselves 

 Tunguses and according to some Chinese authorities the direct ancestors of 

 the Manchus (Ho worth, passim}. 



2 " C'est la tendance de la tete a se developper en hauteur, juste en sens 

 inverse de 1'aplatissement vertical du Mongol. La tete du Turc est done a 

 la fois plus haute et plus courte" (D Anthropologie, vi. 3, p. 8). 



