IX.] THE NORTHERN MONGOLS. 327 



Bokhara and surrounding lands, they gradually spread as con 

 querors over all the northern parts of Irania, Asia Minor, Syria, 

 the Russian and Caucasian steppes, Ukrania, Dacia, and the 

 Balkan Peninsula. In most of these lands they formed fresh 

 ethnical combinations both with the Caucasic aborigines, and 

 with many kindred Turki as well as Mongol peoples, some of 

 whom were settled in these regions since neolithic times, while 

 others had either accompanied Attila's expeditions, or followed 

 in his wake (Pechenegs, Romans, Alans, Kipchaks, Kara-Kalpaks), 

 or else arrived later in company with Jenghiz-Khan and his suc- 

 cessors (Kazan and Nogai "Tatars" 1 ). 



In Russia, Rumania (Dacia), and most of the Balkan peninsula 

 these Mongolo-Turki blends have been again submerged by the 

 dominant Slav and Rumanian peoples (Great and Little Russians, 

 Servo-Croatians, Montenegrin!, Moldavians, and Walachians). But 

 in south-western Asia they still constitute perhaps the majority 

 of the population between the Indus and Constantinople, in 

 many places forming numerous compact communities, in which 

 the Mongolo-Turki physical and mental characters are con- 

 spicuous. Such, besides the already mentioned Turkomans of 

 Parthian lineage, are all the nomad and many of the settled 

 inhabitants of Khiva, Ferghana, Karategin, Bokhara, generally 

 comprised under the name of Uzbegs and "Sartes." Such also 

 are the Turki peoples of Afghan Turkestan, and of the neigh- 

 bouring uplands (Hazaras and Aimaks who claim Mongol descent, 

 though now of Persian speech); the Aderbaijani and many other 

 more scattered groups in Persia ; the Nogai and Kumuk tribes 

 of Caucasia, and especially most of the nomad and settled 

 agricultural populations of Asia Minor. The Anatolian peasantry 

 form, in fact, the most numerous and compact division of the 

 Turki family still surviving in any part of their vast domain 

 between the Bosporus and the Lena. 



1 Both of these take their name, not from mythical but from historical 

 chiefs : Kazan Khan of the Volga, "the rival of Cyrus and Alexander," who 

 was however of the House of Jenghiz, consequently not a Turk, like most of 

 his subjects, but a true Mongol (ob, 1304); and Noga, the ally and champion 

 of Michael Pal^eologus against the Mongols marching under the terrible Holagu 

 almost to the shores of the Bosporus. 



