X.] THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES. 353 



represented in the north by the Eskimo long-heads and the 

 Mexican round-heads, in the south by the Botocudo 



. , " . Two primi- 



long-heads and the Andean round-heads points at tive Types : 

 two streams of immigrants from the Old World. m g E h u e * d p s e 

 The Eskimo-Botocudo section has been traced to Round-heads 



from Asia. 



the long-headed palaeolithic man of Europe 1 , which 

 continent geology has shown to have been connected with North 

 America through the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland 

 down to post-glacial times. The other section, which probably 

 greatly outnumbered the first, came apparently later (during the 

 New Stone Age) from Eastern Asia by the Bering waters, and are 

 now represented, allowing for great intermixture, by the still 

 prevalent round-headed element. 



Since then till late historic times there were no further arrivals 

 by the European route, the land connection having been sub- 

 merged ; nor by the Asiatic to any appreciable extent, no clear 

 evidence being forthcoming of the presence of early historic, that 

 is, highly specialised Asiatic peoples in the New World. On like 

 negative grounds, which have here the force of the strongest 

 positive arguments, early immigrants numerous enough to affect 

 the questions at issue are also excluded both from Africa and 

 Australasia. 



The constituent elements of our aborigines would therefore 

 appear to be proto-Europeans of the First Stone Age, a somewhat 

 generalised primitive Caucasic type, and proto-Asiatics, a some- 

 what generalised primitive Mongolo-American type, both Euro- 

 pean and Asiatic still preserving many common features of the 

 common pleistocene precursors. Is it surprising that, under such 

 conditions, opinions should differ as to the actual relations of the 

 Americans to the great ethnical groups in the Old World ; some 

 insisting upon, others vehemently denying, all Mongol kinship, 

 some emphasising a European connection, some with Ehrenreich 



1 G. de Mortillet amongst others suggests that at the close of the Solutrian 

 and Madelenian epochs some of the primitive inhabitants of France migrated 

 northwards with the reindeer, and passing by the then existing land bridge into 

 America became the ancestors of the Eskimo, the earliest "French Colonists" 

 in that part of the world (Formation de la Nation Fran<;aise, 1897). This view 

 is anticipated by Topinard on anatomical grounds (Eth, p. 364). 



K. 23 



