368 MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



beyond doubt the Chimus, Quechuas, and Aymaras of Peru and 

 Bolivia. Still farther south it recurs in the Rio Negro valley, 

 where d'Orbigny's Puelches are as round-headed as the Mayas 

 of Yucatan (84), with equally short but narrower face and 

 moderate prognathism. These Puelches form with the Arauca- 

 nians of Chili a separate group, perhaps to some extent con- 

 nected with the Yuncas of the Pacific Coast. 



On the other hand the Tehuelches, whose cradle appears to 

 have been the Sumadouro district in Central Brazil, are cha- 

 racterised by long heads of archaic type. It was in the Lagoa 

 Santa caves of this district that Lund found the very old, long, 

 high and prognathous skulls, which best represent the primitive 

 long-headed race in South America. From this region it radiated 

 in all directions, north to Guiana, east to the San Francisco basin, 

 west to Ancon, south to the Pampas. Its living representatives 

 are the Botocudos, many Guarani, the Paraguayos, and probably 

 the long-headed Fuegians. The long-heads appear to have arrived 

 first, and to have been followed much later and partly submerged 

 by the round-heads. 



But in North America the round-headed mound-builders and 

 others were encroached upon by populations of increasingly 

 dolichocephalic type Redskins and Cherokis, Chichimecs, Tepa- 

 necs, Acolhuas. Even still dolichocephaly is characteristic of 

 Iroquois, Coahuilas, Sonorans, while the intermediate indices met 

 with on the prairies and plateaux undoubtedly indicate the 

 mixture between the long-headed invaders and the round-heads 

 whom they swept aside as they advanced southwards. Thus the 

 Minnetaris are highly dolicho; the Ponkas and Osages sub- 

 brachy; the Algonquians variable, while the Siouans oscillate 

 widely round a mesaticephalous mean. 



The Athapascans alone are homogeneous, and their sub- 

 brachycephaly recurs amongst the Apaches and 

 Deformation, their other southern kindred, who have given it an 

 exaggerated form by the widespread practice of 

 artificial deformation, which dates from remote times. The most 

 typical cases both of brachy and dolicho deformation are from 

 the Cerro de las Palmas graves in south-west Mexico. Defor- 

 mation prevails also in Peru and Bolivia, as well as in Ceara and 



