392 MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



independent Ucheans ( Yuchi) of distinct speech, and several 

 other groups whose hitherto unsuspected Siouan affinities have 

 now been placed beyond reasonable doubt on linguistic and 

 historic evidence. These were the Monacan confederates, with 

 the Saponi, Tutelo 1 , Catawba, Woccon and some other tribes, 

 who were centred chiefly on the James River above the falls at 

 Richmond, and were at constant war with the neighbouring 

 Powhatans, while hard pressed by the surrounding Iroquoians, by 

 whom most of them appear to have been eventually exterminated 

 or driven with the Algonquians beyond the Appalachians to the 

 plains of the Mississippi basin. The survivors may thus have 

 again been united with the kindred Dakotans and other western 

 Siouans after a separation which Mr Dorsey has estimated at 

 about 1500 years, basing his calculation on the highly archaic 

 character of the Siouan tongues spoken by the Appalachian tribes. 

 " All the statements and traditions concerning the eastern Siouan 

 tribes, taken in connection with what we know of the history and 

 traditions of the western tribes of the same stock, seem to indicate 

 the upper region of the Ohio the Alleghany, Monongahela and 

 Kanawha country as their original home, from which one branch 

 crossed the mountains to the waters of Virginia and Carolina, 

 while the other followed along the Ohio and the lakes toward the 

 west. Linguistic evidence indicates that the eastern tribes of the 

 Siouan family were established upon the Atlantic slope long 

 before the western tribes of that stock had reached the plains 2 ." 



That the Siouan family ranged also in former times to the Gulf 

 of Mexico is shown by the late survival in Louisiana of the Biloxi 

 (JB'luksi], i.e. "trifling or worthless," as they were called by the 

 Choktaws, though they called themselves Taneks-haya. Their 

 original home was in the present State of Mississippi about Biloxi 

 Bay, named from them, where they were first met by Iberville in 

 1699, but whence they migrated about 1760 across the great river 

 to Louisiana. From the specimens of their language collected 



1 It was from the last full-blood Tutelo (Totero) chief that Horatio Hale 

 obtained the linguistic materials which enabled him to make the important 

 announcement that the Tutelo must have been a Siouan tongue. (Proc. Amer. 

 Philosoph. Soc. 1883.) 



' Mooney, The Siouan Tribes, etc. p. 29. 



