400 MAN I PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



old assumption that the Cliff-dwellers were a separate race, and 

 the cliff dwellings must be regarded as only a phase of Pueblo 

 architecture 1 ." But the connection is not at all obvious either 

 between the mounds and the Pueblo structures, or between these 

 and the Maya-Aztec monuments, while there are good reasons 

 for regarding all alike as independent local developments. That 



Their Cui ^ s was ^ case w ^k tne m un ds Mr Gushing 

 ture a Local has shown to be more than probable (see above), 



Development. , , .. ,.,. , . 



and Mr Mmdelen now proves convincingly that the 

 Pueblo casas grandes huge stone buildings or fortresses large 

 enough to accommodate the whole community grew out of the 

 local conditions, and had no prototypes elsewhere. On this 

 question of the close relation of primitive man to his physical 

 environment Mr MindelefFs remarks are highly instructive. "The 

 complete adaptation of Pueblo architecture to the country in 

 which it is found has been commented on. If the architecture 

 did not originate in the country where it is found, it would almost 

 certainly bear traces of former conditions. Such survivals are 

 common in all arts, and instances of it are so common in archi- 

 tecture that no examples need be cited. Only one of these 

 survivals has been found in Pueblo architecture, but that one 

 is very instructive ; it is the presence of circular chambers in 

 groups of rectangular rooms, which occur in certain regions. 

 These chambers are called estufas or kivas, and are the council 

 houses and temples of the people [the medicine lodges] in which 

 the government and religious affairs of the tribe are transacted. 

 It is owing to their religious connection that the form has been 

 preserved to the present day, carrying with it the record of the 

 time when the people lived in round chambers or huts.... The 

 whole Pueblo country is covered with the remains in single rooms 

 and groups of rooms, put up to meet some immediate necessity. 

 Some of these may have been built centuries ago, some are only 

 a few years or a few months old, yet the structures do not differ 



1 Cosmos Mindeleff, The Cliff Ruins of Canyon de Chelly, in i6th An. 

 Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington 1897, p. 191. And Dr Hamy is 

 inclined to regard the old quaternary skull from Calaveras as perhaps the proto- 

 type of the mound-builders, cliff-dwellers and Pueblos, who "appartenaient a 

 une seule et meme race" (L? Anthropologie^ 1896, p. 140). 



