466 MAN : PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



Siculi were those that arrived from Italy in Orsi's second period. 

 It seems no longer possible to determine the true relations of 

 these two peoples, who stand out as distinct throughout early 

 historic times, and can in no way be regarded as of one race, 

 although both (2t/cavo5, 2tKeA.o's) are already mentioned in the 

 Odyssey. But all the evidence tends to show that the Sicani 

 represent the oldest element which came direct from Africa in the 

 Stone Age, while the Siculi were a branch of the Ligurians driven 

 in the Metal Age from Italy to the island, which was already occu- 

 pied by the Sicani 1 , as related by Dionysius Halicarnassus 2 . In 

 fact this migration of the Siculi may be regarded as almost an his- 

 torical event, which according to Thucydides took place "about 

 300 years before the Hellenes came to Sicily 3 ." The Siculi bore 

 this national name on the mainland, so that the modern expression 

 "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies" (the late Kingdom of Naples) has 

 its justification in the earliest traditions of the people. Later, 

 both races were merged in one, and the present Sicilian nation 

 gradually constituted by further accessions of Phoenician (Cartha- 

 ginian), Greek, Roman, Vandal, Arab, Norman, French and 

 Spanish elements. 



Very remarkable is the contrast presented by the conditions 

 prevailing in this ethnical microcosm and those of Sardinia, 

 inhabited since the Stone Ages by one of the most homogeneous 



groups in the world. From the statistics embodied 

 Corsicans"' * n Dr R. Livi's Antropologici Militare*, the Sards 



would almost seem to be cast all in one mould, 

 the great bulk of the natives having the shortest stature, the 



1 It may be mentioned that while Penka makes the Siculi Illyrians from 

 Upper Italy (Zur Paltioethnologie Mittcl- it. Siideitropas, in Wiener Anthrop. 

 Ges. 1897, p. 18), E. A. Freeman holds that they were not only Aryans, but 

 closely akin to the Romans, speaking "an undeveloped Latin," or "something 

 which did not differ more widely from Latin than one dialect of Greek differed 

 from another" (The History of Sicily etc., I. p. 488). But ethnology was not 

 Freeman's strong point, and for this assumption there is no kind of proof. 

 Besides names, such as Motyca, Acis, Hybla which are not Latin, there survive 

 only two Sicul words which are also not Latin: cottabos, a game, and zanclon, a 

 reaping-hook. 



2 I. 22. 3 vi. 2. 



4 Parte L Dati Antropologici ed Etnologici, Rome, 1896. 



