514 MAN: PAST AND PRESENT. [CHAP. 



tall, almost gigantic blonds, of robust if somewhat coarse physique, 

 the southerners dark, short or medium-sized, with finely pro- 

 portioned but slender figures. Nor is it explained how the dark 

 round-heads from Asia could have imposed their Aryan speech on 

 these tall blonds without close contact, interminglings, and con- 

 sequent modifications of the type. 



Some other solution must therefore be sought for this Aryan 

 crux, and I think it will be found in the suggested twofold in- 

 vasion of Europe in relatively late times, by tall, blond long-heads 

 from the Eurasian steppe, and by short, dark round-heads from 

 Armenia through Asia Minor, both being of Aryan speech. The 

 universality of this speech in Europe since the Metal period is an 

 immense factor in the problem, which can be explained only on the 

 assumption that the Aryan language had already been widely diffused 

 over the Eurasian steppe and the southern (Iranian, Armenian) 

 uplands in remote times, prior to the later Aryan migrations to 

 North, Central, and South Europe. Jensen's view that Hittite 

 was an early form of Armenian (Aryan) at present holds the field 

 (see above), while the very marked Armenian cranial type is now 

 traced from Asia right through the central European brachy zone 

 to the Alps and into north Africa where it originated, and even 

 west to the Canary Islands. Thus E. Chantre constitutes in 

 western Asia an Armenoid group of round-heads 1 quite distinct 

 from the true long-headed Iranians, and the same type is found as 

 far west as Adalia and Lycia by von Luschan, who also identifies it 

 as Armenian, and as the aboriginal element in this region 2 . From 



1 Includes the Kizilbashi, Metuali, Ansarieh, Eakhtiari, "et quelques 

 autres families encore moins connues," besides the Armenians proper, hypsi- 

 brachy with cephalic index 85 to 90 (Recherches Anthropologiqnes dans FAsie 

 Occidental, Lyons, 1895). Elsewhere (Les Anneniens, etc. in Bui. Soc. 

 d'Anthrop. de Lyon, 1896) this observer, who has spent five years in the field 

 (1890-94) describes the true Armenian type, figured on certain Assyrian bas- 

 reliefs, as hypsi-brachy with deep brown eyes and hair, long nose often convex 

 and rounded at tip, and below mean height, from remote times crossed probably 

 with Semites, Kurds, proto-Georgians, and Cappadocian Bektashi. 



2 See Fig. 94 in his Reisen in Lykien, Vienna, 1889; also Archiv f. 

 Anthrop. xix. 1891. Hommel brings even blond Aryans into Asia Minor, 

 identifying the Scythians with the Iranians, some of whom ranged into Cilicia 

 and Cappadocia, where the Hittites are located by many. Proper names show 



