XIV.] THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES. 527 



a great number of peoples primitive man in the Old Stone Age ; 

 Picts, and perhaps others associated with the dolmens and other 

 Megalithic monuments, in the New Stone Age; tribes of Keltic 

 speech, commonly called Kelts, in the Bronze period, possibly as 

 early as 2000 B.C. ; Belgas or proto-Teutons somewhat later ; 

 Romans and their legionaries of diverse origins about the new 

 era ; early and later Frisians, Saxons, Angles and others of Teu- 

 tonic speech, say between 300 and 500 A.D. ; Scandinavians, chiefly 

 Danes and Norwegians, of kindred speech, 8th to loth century ; 

 Normans, mainly Norsemen Romanised in speech, nth century, 

 with sporadic arrivals from the mainland down to the present time. 

 But the first two strata, i.e. the men of the Stone Ages, were both 

 lon;-headed, the first exclusively so, the second in 



. ' . Long-heads 



great majority, our Picts being now identified with and Round - 

 the Iberians who, as shown by Sergi, were a branch of 

 the long-headed Mediterraneans from Africa. The identity indeed 

 is placed beyond reasonable doubt by the fact that these Neolithic 

 Picts belonged all to the so-called long-barrow period, and that 

 these long barrows, egg-shaped and often several hundred feet in 

 length, have yielded the remains of a singularly uniform type, 

 extremely dolicho (nearly all well under 80 and even as low as 

 70), and at the same time of rather low stature (5 ft. 5 in.), thus 

 corresponding exactly with Sergi's Mediterraneans 1 . The barrows, 

 occurring chiefly in the south-west (Wilts, Gloucestershire, the 

 Cotswold Hills, and farther north), are shown to be of the Neo- 

 lithic Age by their contents polished stone implements, pottery, 

 but no bronze. It is further shown by Dr Garson that the men 

 of this period were spread over the whole of Britain as far as the 

 extreme north of Scotland and the Orkneys 2 . 



They were succeeded in the Bronze Age by men of quite a 



1 See especially his Ur sprung u. Verbreitung des Mittelldndischen Stammes, 

 1897, p. 76: "Ich hahe die Formen aus den britischen Hiigeln [long barrows] 

 mil alten imd neuen mittellandischen verglichen, und habe die charakteris- 

 tischen Formen Spaniens und Portugals gefunden, wie sie bei Mugem und in den 

 Hohlen Italiens, Griechenlands, zu Hissarlik und in Ostafrika ausgegraben 

 worden sind." 



- Nature, Nov. 15 and 22, 1894; see also Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in 

 Britain, 1880, Chap. IX. "Historical Evidence of Iberic and Celtic Races in 

 Spain and Gaul," Fig. 112, p. 318. 



