﻿SPECIAL 
  FUNCTIONS 
  AND 
  FORMS 
  OF 
  STEMS 
  93 
  

  

  The 
  student 
  should 
  notice 
  that, 
  while 
  budding 
  and 
  grafting 
  

   are 
  described 
  as 
  modes 
  of 
  vegetative 
  reproduction, 
  their 
  object 
  

   is 
  not 
  to 
  increase 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  shrubs 
  or 
  trees 
  in 
  the 
  garden 
  or 
  

   orchard. 
  It 
  is 
  rather 
  a 
  means 
  of 
  propagating 
  the 
  desired 
  kind 
  

   of 
  plant 
  with 
  certainty 
  - 
  - 
  for 
  example, 
  to 
  secure 
  a 
  certain 
  

   variety 
  of 
  fruit. 
  This 
  cannot 
  be 
  done 
  merely 
  by 
  growing 
  seed- 
  

   ling 
  trees, 
  since 
  every 
  seedling 
  grown 
  from 
  any 
  valuable 
  kind 
  

   of 
  apple 
  or 
  pear 
  may 
  differ 
  from 
  all 
  the 
  others 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  

   lot 
  (fig. 
  163), 
  and 
  not 
  one 
  of 
  them 
  be 
  worth 
  cultivating. 
  

  

  Grafting 
  often 
  succeeds 
  on 
  plants 
  of 
  different 
  species, 
  1 
  as 
  

   the 
  peach 
  on 
  the 
  plum, 
  the 
  apple 
  on 
  the 
  pear, 
  and 
  the 
  pear 
  on 
  

   the 
  quince. 
  Sometimes 
  it 
  succeeds 
  between 
  different 
  genera 
  1 
  

   of 
  the 
  same 
  family, 
  1 
  as 
  the 
  tomato 
  on 
  the 
  potato. 
  

  

  Many 
  technical 
  details 
  best 
  learned 
  from 
  a 
  practical 
  horti- 
  

   culturist 
  are 
  necessary 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  bud 
  or 
  graft 
  successfully. 
  

  

  PROBLEMS 
  

  

  1. 
  What 
  common 
  feature 
  would 
  you 
  be 
  likely 
  to 
  find 
  in 
  the 
  structure 
  

   of 
  the 
  stems 
  of 
  pickerel 
  weeds, 
  cat-tails, 
  and 
  rushes, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  leafstalks 
  

   of 
  pond 
  lilies 
  and 
  lotuses 
  ? 
  

  

  2. 
  Large 
  cacti 
  in 
  the 
  deserts 
  of 
  the 
  southwestern 
  United 
  States 
  and 
  

   Mexico 
  are 
  often 
  cut 
  open 
  in 
  order 
  that 
  their 
  sap 
  may 
  be 
  used 
  for 
  

   drinking 
  water. 
  Where 
  did 
  the 
  plant 
  get 
  so 
  much 
  water 
  ? 
  How 
  could 
  

   it 
  have 
  used 
  the 
  water 
  ? 
  

  

  3. 
  What 
  common 
  garden 
  plants 
  are 
  reproduced 
  by 
  bulbs? 
  Can 
  any 
  

   of 
  these 
  be 
  grown 
  from 
  seeds 
  ? 
  

  

  4. 
  Do 
  most 
  kinds 
  of 
  plants 
  grown 
  from 
  bulbs 
  bloom 
  early 
  or 
  late? 
  

   To 
  what 
  two 
  kinds 
  of 
  climate 
  are 
  such 
  plants 
  suited? 
  Give 
  examples, 
  

   among 
  both 
  wild 
  and 
  cultivated 
  plants, 
  to 
  illustrate 
  your 
  answer. 
  

  

  5. 
  Could 
  more 
  than 
  one 
  kind 
  of 
  scion 
  be 
  top-grafted 
  on 
  a 
  single 
  

   stock 
  ? 
  Why 
  do 
  top-grafted 
  trees, 
  after 
  they 
  come 
  into 
  bearing, 
  require 
  

   more 
  careful 
  pruning 
  than 
  ungrafted 
  trees 
  ? 
  What 
  kind 
  of 
  fruit 
  will 
  be 
  

   borne 
  by 
  shoots 
  that 
  arise 
  below 
  a 
  graft 
  ? 
  

  

  6. 
  Do 
  bulbs 
  planted 
  in 
  autumn 
  freeze 
  in 
  winter? 
  What 
  are 
  the 
  best 
  

   methods 
  and 
  times 
  for 
  the 
  outdoor 
  planting 
  of 
  bulbs 
  in 
  your 
  locality 
  ? 
  

   Should 
  different 
  plans 
  be 
  used 
  for 
  different 
  kinds 
  of 
  bulbs 
  ? 
  

  

  1 
  For 
  the 
  definition 
  of 
  the 
  terms 
  species, 
  genus, 
  and 
  family, 
  see 
  Chapter 
  XIII. 
  

  

  