﻿TIMBER; 
  FORESTRY 
  121 
  

  

  trees 
  and 
  bushes. 
  Contour 
  plowing 
  (that 
  is, 
  plowing 
  around 
  

   the 
  hill 
  instead 
  of 
  up 
  and 
  down 
  it), 
  terracing, 
  ditching 
  at 
  

   right 
  angles 
  to 
  the 
  lines 
  of 
  slope, 
  and 
  underdraining, 
  all 
  help 
  

   to 
  prevent 
  erosion. 
  

  

  113. 
  Rules 
  for 
  forest 
  management. 
  For 
  a 
  detailed 
  account 
  

   of 
  the 
  mode 
  of 
  keeping 
  up 
  the 
  productiveness 
  of 
  woodlands 
  

   and 
  of 
  handling 
  timber 
  one 
  must 
  go 
  to 
  special 
  treatises 
  on 
  

   forestry. 
  1 
  In 
  this 
  place 
  there 
  is 
  room 
  to 
  name 
  only 
  a 
  very 
  

   few 
  of 
  the 
  things 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  forester, 
  or 
  manager 
  of 
  timber- 
  

   lands, 
  must 
  attend. 
  

  

  1. 
  A 
  tiiiilx'r 
  forest, 
  or 
  woodland, 
  consisting 
  in 
  considerable 
  

   part 
  of 
  full-grown 
  trees, 
  should 
  be 
  cut 
  over 
  on 
  a 
  selective 
  

   plan 
  ; 
  that 
  is 
  to 
  say, 
  only 
  those 
  trees 
  should 
  be 
  felled 
  which 
  

   are 
  nearly 
  or 
  quite 
  full-grown, 
  or 
  which 
  are 
  too 
  much 
  crowded 
  

   or 
  in 
  some 
  way 
  imperfect 
  or 
  diseased. 
  This 
  kind 
  of 
  selection 
  

   may 
  not 
  be 
  possible 
  in 
  case 
  the 
  location 
  of 
  the 
  forest 
  is 
  rather 
  

   inaccessible, 
  and 
  therefore 
  large 
  gangs 
  of 
  men 
  must 
  be 
  taken 
  

   into 
  the 
  woods 
  and 
  the 
  cutting 
  all 
  done 
  within 
  a 
  limited 
  season. 
  

   As 
  far 
  as 
  possible 
  the 
  felling 
  must 
  be 
  so 
  managed 
  that 
  prom- 
  

   ising 
  young 
  trees 
  are 
  not 
  barked 
  or 
  otherwise 
  injured 
  by 
  the 
  

   falling 
  trunks 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  which 
  are 
  cut. 
  

  

  2. 
  In 
  managing 
  coppice 
  woods 
  the 
  trees 
  must 
  be 
  cut 
  as 
  soon 
  

   as 
  they 
  reach 
  a 
  merchantable 
  size 
  - 
  - 
  usually 
  in 
  from 
  twenty 
  to 
  

   forty 
  years. 
  

  

  3. 
  During 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  most 
  active 
  growth 
  all 
  woodlands 
  

   should 
  be 
  kept 
  covered 
  with 
  a 
  reasonably 
  close 
  stand, 
  so 
  as 
  

   to 
  secure 
  self-pruning 
  and 
  to 
  discourage 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  much- 
  

   branched 
  trees, 
  like 
  those 
  shown 
  in 
  figures 
  99 
  and 
  219, 
  which, 
  

   when 
  cut 
  into 
  lumber, 
  will 
  be 
  very 
  full 
  of 
  knots. 
  

  

  4. 
  Forest 
  fires 
  must 
  be 
  prevented, 
  especially 
  in 
  woods 
  of 
  

   coniferous 
  trees. 
  No 
  fires 
  for 
  any 
  purpose 
  should 
  ever 
  be 
  

   kindled 
  during 
  dry 
  weather 
  in 
  the 
  heart 
  of 
  such 
  woodlands, 
  

   except 
  in 
  moderately 
  large 
  clearings 
  that 
  are 
  free 
  from 
  brush. 
  

   Cutting 
  up 
  large 
  tracts 
  of 
  forest 
  into 
  smaller 
  portions 
  by 
  

  

  1 
  For 
  elementary 
  principles, 
  see 
  Roth, 
  First 
  Book 
  of 
  Forestry. 
  Ginn 
  and 
  

   Company, 
  Boston. 
  

  

  