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  INTRODUCTION 
  TO 
  BOTANY 
  

  

  7. 
  Cattle 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  pastured 
  in 
  woods 
  in 
  winch 
  it 
  is 
  im- 
  

   portant 
  to 
  protect 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  young 
  seedling 
  dicotyledon- 
  

   ous 
  trees, 
  but 
  they 
  do 
  not 
  greatly 
  injure 
  mature 
  trees. 
  Sheep 
  

   pasturing 
  and 
  forestry 
  cannot 
  thriye 
  together, 
  since 
  by 
  brows- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  sheep 
  destroy 
  many 
  young 
  seedling 
  trees. 
  On 
  gras>y 
  

   hillsides 
  and 
  mountain 
  sides 
  sheep, 
  by 
  close 
  gru/ing 
  and 
  l>y 
  

   cutting 
  the 
  turf 
  to 
  pieces 
  with 
  their 
  sharp 
  hoofs, 
  soon 
  kill 
  the 
  

   grassy 
  cover 
  and 
  pa\e 
  the 
  way 
  for 
  extensiye 
  erosion. 
  Great 
  

   damage 
  has 
  been 
  done 
  in 
  this 
  way 
  in 
  the 
  Rocky 
  Mountain 
  

   and 
  1'acilic 
  Slope 
  regions 
  of 
  our 
  own 
  country. 
  In 
  southern 
  

   K 
  u 
  rope 
  the 
  pasturing 
  of 
  sheep 
  and 
  goats 
  has 
  led 
  to 
  the 
  con- 
  

   version 
  of 
  great 
  areas 
  of 
  comparat 
  ively 
  fertile 
  mountain 
  sides 
  

   into 
  bare 
  ridges 
  and 
  bowlder-lined 
  torrent 
  beds. 
  

  

  PROBLEMS 
  

  

  1. 
  Irrespecth 
  e 
  i'F 
  11 
  ic 
  hardness, 
  \\ 
  li;it 
  means 
  arc 
  there 
  of 
  dist 
  inguish- 
  

   /ng 
  between 
  coniferous 
  woods 
  and 
  iioiiconifcrotis 
  woods? 
  

  

  2. 
  Kxplain 
  ho\v 
  you 
  can 
  reeogni/e 
  n-d 
  cedar, 
  cypress, 
  \\ 
  liitc 
  ]>inc, 
  < 
  i; 
  ,k, 
  

   sycamore, 
  hickory, 
  and 
  black-walnut 
  \\ood. 
  List 
  the 
  kinds 
  of 
  wood 
  that 
  

   you 
  know 
  well. 
  

  

  3. 
  What 
  kind 
  of 
  wood 
  is 
  commonly 
  used 
  in 
  your 
  region 
  for 
  Ilie 
  

   frames 
  of 
  houses? 
  for 
  shingles? 
  for 
  packing 
  cases? 
  for 
  barrels'.- 
  1 
  for 
  

   fence 
  posts? 
  for 
  railroad 
  tics? 
  for 
  fuel? 
  Kxplain 
  why 
  each 
  is 
  chosen. 
  

   What, 
  is 
  the 
  mo>|. 
  extensive 
  w 
  1-using 
  industry 
  of 
  your 
  locality? 
  

  

  4. 
  What 
  kind 
  of 
  \\ood 
  is 
  used 
  for 
  lead 
  pencils? 
  for 
  matches? 
  for 
  

   toothpicks? 
  for 
  rulers? 
  for 
  shoe 
  pegs 
  ? 
  Why? 
  

  

  5. 
  Have 
  you 
  become 
  acquainted 
  with 
  any 
  well-grown 
  tracts 
  of 
  self- 
  

   sown 
  forest.? 
  Of 
  what 
  kinds 
  of 
  trees 
  do 
  they 
  mainly 
  consist? 
  How 
  

   much 
  does 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  Ihe 
  soil 
  ha\e 
  to 
  do 
  with 
  the 
  constitution 
  of 
  

   forests 
  Ihatyou 
  have 
  seen? 
  I 
  )oes 
  cult 
  i\ 
  at 
  ion 
  affect 
  forest 
  trees? 
  

  

  6. 
  Are 
  coppice 
  woodlands 
  composed 
  of 
  conifers 
  or 
  of 
  hard 
  woods? 
  

   Why 
  ? 
  

  

  7. 
  What 
  rules 
  of 
  forest 
  management 
  are 
  most 
  frequently 
  violated 
  in 
  

  

  timber 
  lands 
  that 
  you 
  have 
  seen? 
  Wh\ 
  ? 
  

  

  8. 
  What 
  trees 
  are 
  most 
  frequently 
  1 
  'hinted 
  for 
  shade 
  in 
  your 
  vicinity 
  ? 
  

   <;i\e 
  the 
  good 
  and 
  the 
  bad 
  points 
  of 
  each. 
  

  

  9. 
  (iet, 
  copies 
  of 
  your 
  state 
  forest 
  laws; 
  study 
  and 
  report 
  on 
  them. 
  

  

  