﻿FEUITS 
  

  

  157 
  

  

  st 
  

  

  cal 
  

  

  matures. 
  Berries, 
  as 
  the 
  botanist 
  understands 
  the 
  term, 
  are 
  

   generally 
  fleshy 
  fruits 
  resulting 
  from 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  a 
  

   several-loculed 
  ovary. 
  The 
  grapefruit, 
  lemon, 
  orange, 
  grape, 
  

   persimmon, 
  and 
  tomato 
  are 
  true 
  berries, 
  though 
  not 
  usually 
  

   called 
  by 
  that 
  name. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  a 
  blackberry 
  or 
  a 
  

   raspberry 
  (fig. 
  139) 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  genuine 
  berry 
  but 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  

   fleshy 
  ripened 
  carpels 
  attached 
  to 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  re- 
  

   ceptacle, 
  and 
  a 
  strawberry 
  is 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  little 
  dry 
  carpels 
  

   embedded 
  in 
  a 
  large, 
  juicy 
  receptacle. 
  

   Pomes 
  (apple 
  and 
  pear) 
  have 
  the 
  seeds 
  

   inclosed 
  by 
  the 
  ripened 
  and 
  fleshy 
  ovary 
  

   wall, 
  which 
  may 
  itself 
  be 
  inclosed 
  by 
  rip- 
  

   ened 
  and 
  fleshy 
  floral 
  structures 
  outside 
  of 
  

   it. 
  Drupes 
  (peach, 
  apricot, 
  and 
  plum) 
  have 
  

   the 
  seed 
  inclosed 
  by 
  the 
  ripened 
  ovary, 
  

   part 
  of 
  which 
  has 
  become 
  hard 
  and 
  part 
  

   of 
  which 
  is 
  fleshy. 
  

  

  148. 
  Form 
  and 
  structure 
  of 
  seeds. 
  

   Something 
  has 
  already 
  been 
  said 
  (sect. 
  13) 
  

   of 
  the 
  earliest 
  stages 
  in 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  

   seeds. 
  In 
  the 
  present 
  chapter 
  a 
  very 
  brief 
  

   account 
  of 
  their 
  structure 
  and 
  mode 
  of 
  

   growth 
  will 
  be 
  given, 
  together 
  with 
  a 
  

   few 
  words 
  in 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  ways 
  in 
  which 
  

   they 
  are 
  dispersed. 
  

  

  A 
  very 
  little 
  observation 
  suffices 
  to 
  

   show 
  how 
  greatly 
  seeds 
  differ 
  in 
  size 
  and 
  shape. 
  It 
  would 
  

   not 
  be 
  possible 
  to 
  estimate 
  accurately, 
  without 
  measuring 
  both, 
  

   how 
  many 
  times 
  larger 
  a 
  lima 
  bean 
  is 
  than 
  a 
  poppy 
  seed 
  ; 
  jiml 
  

   there 
  are 
  some 
  orchids 
  whose 
  seeds 
  are 
  not 
  a 
  hundredth 
  as 
  

   large 
  as 
  a 
  poppy 
  seed, 
  while 
  the 
  coconut 
  is 
  vastly 
  larger 
  than 
  

   any 
  kind 
  of 
  bean. 
  In 
  form 
  seeds 
  vary 
  from 
  nearly 
  spherical 
  

   ones, 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  mustard 
  and 
  radish, 
  to 
  such 
  thin, 
  flattish 
  

   seeds 
  as 
  those 
  of 
  milkweed 
  and 
  catalpa. 
  1 
  

  

  1 
  The 
  student 
  should 
  notice 
  that 
  many 
  objects 
  commonly 
  called 
  seeds, 
  such 
  

   as 
  those 
  of 
  parsnip, 
  lettuce, 
  and 
  dandelion, 
  are 
  not 
  merely 
  seeds 
  but 
  fruits. 
  

  

  FIG. 
  139. 
  Lengthwise 
  

   section 
  through 
  a 
  rasp- 
  

   berry 
  

  

  The 
  fruit 
  consists 
  of 
  a 
  

   cluster 
  of 
  little 
  stone 
  

   fruits, 
  each 
  of 
  which 
  

   has 
  much 
  the 
  structure 
  

   of 
  a 
  plum 
  or 
  a 
  cherry. 
  

   Every 
  stone 
  fruit 
  is 
  a 
  

   ripened 
  carpel, 
  cal, 
  calyx 
  ; 
  

   r, 
  receptacle 
  ; 
  s<, 
  remains 
  

   of 
  style 
  and 
  stigma; 
  

   s, 
  seed 
  

  

  