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  INTRODUCTION 
  TO 
  BOTANY 
  

  

  though 
  it 
  is 
  better 
  not 
  to 
  cut 
  the 
  potato 
  into 
  too 
  small 
  pieces 
  

   for 
  propagation, 
  or 
  the 
  plants 
  will 
  grow 
  slowly 
  at 
  first. 
  

  

  Why 
  are 
  potatoes 
  almost 
  always 
  grown 
  from 
  the 
  tuber 
  

   rather 
  than 
  from 
  seed? 
  Why 
  are 
  plants 
  of 
  the 
  Lily 
  family 
  

  

  grown 
  from 
  bull 
  is? 
  

  

  86. 
  Stolons, 
  runners, 
  and 
  cuttings. 
  

   Some 
  plants, 
  as 
  the 
  black 
  raspberry 
  

   (fig. 
  72), 
  are 
  naturally 
  propagated 
  

   by 
  recurved 
  branches 
  which 
  root 
  

   wherever 
  they 
  touch 
  the 
  earth. 
  

   Such 
  rooting 
  brandies 
  are 
  called 
  

   xf'i/ons. 
  An 
  artificial 
  modification 
  

   of 
  this 
  process 
  (called 
  layering^ 
  

   sometimes 
  made 
  use 
  of 
  in 
  growing 
  

   apples, 
  pears, 
  plums, 
  and 
  quinces, 
  

   consists 
  in 
  bending 
  down 
  branches 
  

   and 
  covering 
  portions 
  of 
  them 
  with 
  

   earth 
  until 
  they 
  become 
  well 
  rooted. 
  

   Runners, 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  straw- 
  

   berry, 
  are 
  very 
  slender, 
  nearly 
  leafit 
  >ss, 
  

   stolons. 
  

  

  ('tiffin;/* 
  are 
  twigs 
  or 
  brandies 
  

   cut 
  off, 
  set 
  in 
  the 
  earth, 
  and 
  kept 
  

   there 
  until 
  they 
  become 
  well 
  rooted 
  

   (fig. 
  73). 
  Numerous 
  woody 
  plants, 
  

   such 
  as 
  willows, 
  grapevines, 
  currant 
  

   1 
  mshes, 
  gooseberry 
  bushes, 
  and 
  gera- 
  

   niums, 
  and 
  some 
  herbaceous 
  plants, 
  

   such 
  as 
  the 
  hopvine 
  and 
  the 
  Wan- 
  

  

  The 
  roots 
  are 
  a 
  little 
  more 
  than 
  two 
  dering 
  Jew, 
  arc 
  usually 
  grown 
  from 
  

   months 
  old. 
  Somewhat 
  reduced 
  ,, 
  -\r 
  j 
  i 
  i 
  1 
  

  

  cuttings. 
  Many 
  others, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  

  

  French 
  marigold 
  and 
  the 
  garden 
  portulaca, 
  not 
  usually 
  thus 
  

   grown, 
  may 
  be 
  readily 
  propagated 
  by 
  cuttings. 
  In 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  

   woody 
  plants 
  the 
  cutting 
  should 
  be 
  taken 
  from 
  well-matured 
  

   twigs 
  of 
  the 
  previous 
  season. 
  To 
  avoid 
  wilting, 
  leafy 
  cuttings 
  

   are 
  often 
  kept 
  covered 
  for 
  a 
  time 
  with 
  a 
  tumbler 
  or 
  bell 
  glass. 
  

  

  FIG. 
  73. 
  A 
  willow 
  cutting 
  

  

  