﻿104 
  INTRODUCTION 
  TO 
  BOTANY 
  

  

  5. 
  Which 
  bud 
  of 
  each 
  year's 
  growth 
  is 
  usually 
  strongest 
  ? 
  

  

  6. 
  IIo\v 
  many 
  wood 
  rings 
  would 
  a 
  cross 
  section 
  of 
  fig- 
  

   ure 
  88 
  show 
  at 
  i 
  t 
  ? 
  at 
  2 
  ? 
  at 
  t 
  g 
  ? 
  Why 
  would 
  these 
  rings 
  

   differ 
  in 
  size 
  ? 
  

  

  7. 
  What 
  would 
  have 
  been 
  the 
  effect 
  upon 
  the 
  wood 
  rings 
  

   of 
  figure 
  88 
  of 
  pulling 
  off 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  above 
  b. 
  sc 
  as 
  

   fast 
  as 
  they 
  appeared 
  ? 
  

  

  97. 
  The 
  record 
  ; 
  fruit 
  scars. 
  Fruit 
  scars 
  of 
  the 
  same, 
  species 
  

   are 
  often 
  quite 
  unequal 
  in 
  size, 
  the 
  smaller 
  ones 
  marking 
  the 
  

   positions 
  of 
  unsuccessful 
  fruiis 
  and 
  the 
  larger 
  ones 
  of 
  fruits 
  

   which 
  grew 
  to 
  maturity. 
  Sometimes 
  in 
  mixed 
  buds 
  the 
  young 
  

   flowers 
  may 
  be 
  destroyed 
  by 
  frost 
  as 
  the 
  bud 
  opens, 
  and 
  in 
  

   that 
  case 
  it 
  develops 
  much 
  like 
  an 
  ordinary 
  leaf 
  bud, 
  leaving 
  

   no 
  fruit 
  sear. 
  

  

  In 
  order 
  to 
  learn 
  just 
  the 
  course 
  which 
  a 
  bud 
  follows 
  dur- 
  

   ing 
  its 
  development 
  throughout 
  a 
  year 
  or 
  more, 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  

   marked 
  by 
  tying 
  a 
  bit 
  of 
  twine 
  or 
  winding 
  a 
  bit 
  of 
  line 
  copper 
  

   wire 
  very 
  loosely 
  just 
  above 
  or 
  below 
  it. 
  Sketches 
  like 
  fig- 
  

   ures 
  83 
  and 
  84 
  should 
  then 
  be 
  made 
  and 
  notes 
  taken 
  from 
  

   time 
  to 
  time, 
  whenever 
  decided 
  epochs 
  in 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  the 
  

   bud 
  occur. 
  

  

  98. 
  The 
  record; 
  leaf 
  scars. 
  Among 
  the 
  most 
  prominent 
  

   markings 
  on 
  a 
  twig 
  several 
  years 
  old 
  are 
  the 
  roundish, 
  or 
  

   horseshoe-shaped, 
  areas 
  known 
  as 
  leaf 
  scars 
  (tigs. 
  77 
  and 
  78, 
  

   sc 
  and 
  90, 
  sc~). 
  These 
  mark 
  the 
  positions 
  where 
  (at 
  the 
  base 
  

   of 
  each 
  leafstalk) 
  a 
  waterproof 
  layer 
  was 
  formed 
  when 
  the 
  

   leaf 
  was 
  shed 
  (sect. 
  81). 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  things 
  which 
  can 
  be 
  

   learned 
  from 
  the 
  study 
  of 
  leaf 
  sears 
  are 
  the 
  number, 
  posi- 
  

   tion, 
  and 
  arrangement 
  of 
  leaves 
  on 
  the 
  shoot 
  for 
  several 
  

   years 
  back, 
  the 
  relative 
  sizes 
  of 
  the 
  leaves, 
  and 
  the 
  mode 
  of 
  

   bud-bearing 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  studied 
  - 
  - 
  that 
  is, 
  whether 
  there 
  

   were 
  accessorv 
  buds 
  or 
  whether 
  the 
  buds 
  were 
  all 
  axillary. 
  

   <)u 
  careful 
  examination 
  of 
  any 
  large 
  leaf 
  scar, 
  as 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  

   ailanthiis, 
  the 
  horse-chestnut, 
  or 
  the 
  coffee 
  bean, 
  it 
  is 
  seen 
  to 
  

   be 
  dotted 
  \\ith 
  a 
  considerable 
  number 
  of 
  minute 
  projections. 
  

   These 
  mark 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  fibrovascular 
  bundles 
  from 
  

  

  