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  INTRODUCTION 
  TO 
  BOTANY 
  

  

  ami 
  other 
  workers 
  in 
  wood. 
  Some 
  woods 
  not 
  among 
  the 
  most 
  

   inijMirtaiit 
  kinds 
  for 
  general 
  purposes 
  are 
  particularly 
  well 
  

   suited 
  to 
  special 
  uses. 
  Hickory 
  is 
  valuable 
  for 
  ax 
  handles 
  

   and 
  for 
  wagon 
  and 
  carriage 
  spokes; 
  beech, 
  for 
  shoemakers' 
  

   lasts, 
  saw 
  handles, 
  and 
  carpenters' 
  planes; 
  black 
  locust 
  and 
  

   chestnut, 
  for 
  posts 
  and 
  railroad 
  ties, 
  because 
  they 
  decay 
  

  

  very 
  slowly 
  even 
  when 
  

   underground. 
  

  

  Our 
  best 
  native 
  woods 
  

   for 
  cabinetwork 
  are 
  black 
  

   walnut, 
  maple, 
  cherry, 
  birch, 
  

   and 
  some 
  kinds 
  of 
  oak 
  and 
  

   ash. 
  Red 
  oak 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  

   strong 
  as 
  white 
  oak, 
  but 
  it 
  

   has 
  a 
  much 
  coarser 
  grain, 
  

   so 
  that 
  quartered 
  red 
  oak 
  

   (cut 
  radially 
  from 
  the 
  log) 
  

   is 
  among 
  the 
  most 
  orna- 
  

   mental 
  of 
  moderate-priced 
  

   woods 
  for 
  cabinetmaking 
  

   and 
  for 
  paneling 
  in 
  the 
  

   interior 
  finish 
  of 
  houses. 
  

   Sycamore 
  and 
  sweet 
  gum 
  

   are 
  also 
  very 
  effective 
  for 
  

   interior 
  finish, 
  the 
  former 
  

   being 
  especially 
  important 
  ; 
  

   the 
  supply 
  is 
  very 
  large, 
  

   and 
  extremely 
  wide 
  boards 
  

   (an 
  be 
  cut 
  from 
  its 
  immense 
  trunks. 
  Large 
  portions 
  of 
  the 
  

   trunks 
  of 
  old 
  black-walnut 
  trees 
  an; 
  often 
  very 
  beautiful 
  in 
  

   their 
  structure 
  and 
  are 
  extremely 
  valuable, 
  as 
  are 
  also 
  the 
  

   trunks 
  of 
  bird's-eye 
  maple. 
  

  

  What 
  hard 
  \\oods 
  used 
  as 
  fuel 
  do 
  you 
  know 
  by 
  sight? 
  

   What 
  kinds 
  used 
  for 
  construction 
  or 
  other 
  mechanical 
  pur- 
  

   poses 
  do 
  you 
  know'.' 
  What 
  kinds 
  are 
  most 
  readily 
  distin- 
  

   guished 
  from 
  all 
  others? 
  Why? 
  

  

  a.r 
  

  

  V 
  i 
  <.. 
  '.'I'. 
  

  

  Cross 
  section 
  of 
  

   \\m.il 
  i.l' 
  sassafras 
  

  

  <i. 
  r, 
  boundaries 
  of 
  tin- 
  annual 
  rinus: 
  tlir 
  

   \\i.M(l 
  is 
  ring-porous 
  because 
  the 
  ducts 
  (here 
  

   sln.\\ 
  n 
  as 
  o\ 
  al 
  or 
  numilish 
  spots) 
  are 
  most 
  

   aliiimlanl 
  in 
  the 
  spring 
  wood 
  lint 
  almost, 
  

   lacking 
  in 
  antnnin 
  wood. 
  Magnified 
  1". 
  di- 
  

   iiineters. 
  Photomicrograph 
  l.y 
  I!. 
  I'.. 
  I 
  Imiuli 
  

  

  