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  INTRODUCTION 
  TO 
  BOTANY 
  

  

  Cutinization. 
  The 
  transformation 
  of 
  the 
  outer 
  layer 
  of 
  the 
  epidermis 
  

   into 
  mtin, 
  a 
  substance 
  which 
  is 
  nearly 
  waterproof 
  and 
  not 
  easily 
  pene- 
  

   trated 
  by 
  gases. 
  

  

  Cyclic. 
  An 
  arrangement 
  of 
  leaves 
  or 
  floral 
  organs 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  way 
  

   that 
  two 
  or 
  more 
  appear 
  upon 
  the 
  axis 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  level, 
  thus 
  forming 
  

   a 
  cycle 
  or 
  whorl. 
  

  

  Cytoplasm. 
  The 
  jelly-like 
  living 
  material 
  of 
  the 
  cell. 
  

  

  Deciduous. 
  Applied 
  to 
  plants 
  which 
  lose 
  their 
  leaves 
  at 
  regular 
  

   intervals. 
  

  

  Dehiscence 
  (gaping). 
  The 
  opening 
  of 
  an 
  organ 
  to 
  discharge 
  its 
  con- 
  

   tents, 
  as 
  in 
  case 
  of 
  anthers, 
  sporangia, 
  and 
  capsules. 
  

  

  Dermatogen 
  (skin-producer). 
  The 
  layer 
  of 
  young 
  epidermis 
  in 
  grow- 
  

   ing 
  points. 
  

  

  Dichogamous. 
  With 
  stamens 
  and 
  pistils 
  not 
  maturing 
  together, 
  as 
  in 
  

   many 
  plantains. 
  

  

  Dichotomous 
  (cutting 
  in 
  two). 
  Forked 
  regularly 
  in 
  pairs. 
  

  

  Dicotyledonous 
  (cotyledons 
  double). 
  Having 
  two 
  cotyledons 
  or 
  seed 
  

   leaves. 
  

  

  Dimorphism 
  (two 
  structures). 
  Having 
  two 
  different 
  forms. 
  Long- 
  

   styled 
  and 
  short-styled 
  flowers 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  species 
  are 
  dimorphous. 
  

  

  Dioecious 
  (two 
  households). 
  Having 
  the 
  two 
  kinds 
  of 
  reproductive 
  

   organs 
  borne 
  by 
  separate 
  individuals. 
  

  

  Dorsiventral. 
  Having 
  the 
  two 
  surfaces 
  differentiated 
  so 
  that 
  one 
  is 
  

   upper 
  and 
  one 
  lower. 
  

  

  Drupe. 
  A 
  stone 
  fruit 
  with 
  a 
  fleshy 
  outer 
  and 
  a 
  hard 
  inner 
  layer 
  of 
  

   the 
  pericarp, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  walnut, 
  peach, 
  plum, 
  etc. 
  

  

  Ecology. 
  The 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  relations 
  between 
  the 
  plant 
  and 
  its 
  envi- 
  

   ronment, 
  including 
  the 
  other 
  living 
  beings 
  with 
  which 
  it 
  has 
  to 
  do. 
  

  

  Egg 
  or 
  oosphere. 
  The 
  female 
  gamete. 
  

  

  Egg 
  apparatus. 
  A 
  group 
  of 
  three 
  cells, 
  consisting 
  of 
  the 
  egg 
  and 
  two 
  

   synergids, 
  one 
  at 
  each 
  side. 
  Found 
  in 
  angiosperms. 
  

  

  Embryo. 
  The 
  young 
  plantlet 
  within 
  the 
  seed. 
  

  

  Embryo 
  sac. 
  The 
  cavity 
  within 
  which 
  the 
  embryo 
  develops. 
  

  

  Endodermis 
  (within 
  the 
  skin). 
  The 
  layer 
  of 
  cells 
  inclosing 
  the 
  fibro- 
  

   vascular 
  bundle; 
  the 
  bundle 
  sheath. 
  

  

  Endogenous 
  (produced 
  within). 
  Originating 
  from 
  internal 
  tissues. 
  

  

  Endosperm 
  (within 
  the 
  seed). 
  A 
  tissue 
  containing 
  reserve 
  materials 
  

   developed 
  within 
  the 
  embryo 
  sac. 
  

  

  Endosperm 
  nucleus. 
  The 
  nucleus 
  of 
  the 
  angiosperm 
  embryo 
  sac 
  from 
  

   which 
  the 
  endosperm 
  of 
  the 
  embryo 
  sac 
  develops. 
  

  

  Enzyme. 
  One 
  of 
  the 
  plant 
  secretions 
  which 
  digest 
  substances 
  ex- 
  

   ternal 
  to 
  the 
  plant, 
  as 
  in 
  carnivorous 
  plants, 
  or 
  reserve 
  materials, 
  as 
  

   in 
  seeds. 
  

  

  