42 



BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. 



[Gil. VII. 



- 



153. Frond. Fig. 22. This 

 >is where the leaf appears to be a 



part of the stem, as in the com- 

 mon fern, which bears its flowers 

 and fruit upon the back and edges 

 of the leaf. The palm leaves are 

 called fronds. Plants with fronds 

 and stipes are sometimes called 

 by the general name of stiped- 

 plants. 



154. By observations of geolo 

 gists, it is ascertained that stip- 

 ed plants were created before 

 cauline ones ; since petrifactions 



of the former are found in the lower formations of the earth, 

 while no remains of cauline plants are ever faund in them. ID 

 this sketch of the fern, a represents the lower part of the frond, 

 sometimes also called the stipe. 

 Fig. 23. 



155. Stipe, is the stem or leafless part of a 

 frond, or the stalk of a fungus or mushroom. The 

 term is also applied to the slender thread, which 

 a in many of the compound flowers, elevates the 

 hairy crown, with which the seeds are furnished, 

 and connects it with the seed. Thus, in the seed 

 of the Dandelion, which is here represented, the 

 column (Fig. 23, a) standing on the seed (&) and 

 elevating the down (c) is the stipe. 



153. Describe the frond. 



154. What plants, according to the observations of geologists, were 

 ftrst created'? 



355. What is a stipe? 



