CLIMATIC VARIETIES 177 



meridionalis to the Fi type. The work of subsequent years 

 gave results similarly irregular which could only be described 

 adequately at great length. The outcome may however be 

 summed up in the statement that there is evidence that both 

 the yellow ground and the dark veining are due to factors, but 

 that there are several of these and that imperfect segregation 

 is not uncommon, producing various reduction-stages. The 

 yellow ground may be due to one factor, and the several shades 

 may be the result of irregularities in dominance, but the black 

 markings when fully developed cannot I think be the result of 

 less than three factors, one for the basal darkening, one for general 

 irroration, and one for the margins. Probably also the enlarge- 

 ment of the spots is produced by a fourth factor. 



There was not, in my experience any great difficulty in getting 

 the various forms to pair in captivity. Some attempts were 

 made to see whether individuals of either type selected mates 

 of their own type in preference to those of the other, but the 

 results were inconclusive. There were some indications of such 

 a preference; though, from the impossibility of judging how much 

 of this may be due to other circumstances, I could not come to 

 a positive conclusion on the rather meagre evidence. 



Recently Schima 17 has given a careful and detailed account 

 of all the forms found in Lower Austria which he enumerates 

 under 14 distinct varietal names. He gives full references to 

 previous accounts, especially to the beautiful plates lately pub- 

 lished by Roger Verity. 18 Examination of these and of my own 

 specimens strongly suggests that the several forms are due to 

 the recombination of the factors I have named. Among those 

 which I have bred are representatives of most if not all the types 

 enumerated by Schima in addition to other curious forms. For 

 example I have bryoniae markings on a ground practically white; 

 the dark veins with spots almost obsolete; meridionalis on a 

 yellow ground; the intermediate amount of black on a white 

 ground, etc. The last-named may occur wild and I have one 

 from Macugnaga as well as one given me by Mr. F. Gayner from 

 Lulea (Lapmark). 



17 Schima, K., Verh. Zool. boL Ges. Wien, LX, 1910, p. 268. 



18 Rhopalocera Palaearctica, Florence, 1905-11, especially PL XXXII. 

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