OAK FAMILY. 303 



downy beneath, pale and rough above, sinuately 5 - 7-lobed, tlic lobes divergent 

 and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3-notched ; naked cup 

 deep saucer-shaped, halt' or one third the length of the small acorn. 



Q. macrocarpa, BUR-OAK, OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP WHITE OAK. 

 Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W. : with ohovate or oblong lyrately 

 pinnatirid leaves, of various shape, pale or downy beneath, smooth above ; 

 cup deej), thick and woody, from hardly 1' to 2' in diameter, covered with hard 

 and thick pointed scales, the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a 

 mossy-fringed border; acorn I'-l^' long, half or wholly covered by the cup. 



Q. lyrata, SOUTHERN OVERCUP OAK. Large tree in river-swamps, from 

 N. Car. S. & W. : leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, 

 with 7-9 triangular and entire acute lobes, glossy above, whitish-downy be- 

 neath ; cup sessile, globular, rough with rugged scales, almost covering the 

 globular nut. 



* * CHESTNUT-OAKS, with toothed or sinuate leaves, not lobed except slightly in 



the first species, ivhite or whitish downy beneath: cup hoary, about half the 

 length of the oblong-ovoid edible acorn. 



Q. bicolor, SWAMP WHITE OAK. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W. : tall 

 tree, with leaves intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being 

 more or less obovate and sinuate-toothed, or some of them nearly pinnatitid, 

 hoary with soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only G-8 

 pairs and not prominent ; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole ; cup often 

 mossy-fringed at the margin ; acorn hardly 1' long. 



Q,. Prinus, CHESTNUT OAK. The leading form is SWAMP CHESTNUT 

 OAK, in low grounds mainly S. ; with obovate or oblong leaves wavy-toothed 

 and minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs and prominent be- 

 neath ; fruit- bearing peduncle short ; the thick cup '- 1' wide, tubercled with the 

 thick scales ; acorn 1' or less long. Var. MONTfcoLA, ROCK CHESTNUT OAK, 

 has large acorns like the above, biit more the chestnut-like leaves of the next; 

 grows in and near the mountains. Var. ACUMIN\TA, YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK 

 of rich rather dry soil through the interior, mostly of the Middle States, has 

 chestnut-like oblong or lanceolate leaves, mostly roundish at base, on slender 

 petioles, equally and sharply toothed, and very straight-veined ; cup about |' 

 broad, its scales small and elose ; acorn rather small. 



Q. prinoides, DWARF CHESTNUT or CHINQUAPIN-OAK. Barren or 

 sandy soil, mostly E. : shrub 2 -4 high, with obovate or oblong sinuate 

 leaves narrowed at base ; and acorns and cup like those of true Chestnut Oak, 

 but very much smaller ; producing little abortive acorns in the axils of some of 

 the scales of the cup. 



* * * LIVE OAK, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lolwd. 



Q. virens, LIVE OAK. Barrens or sands along the coast from Virg. S. 

 Small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, the hraneh- 

 lets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny-toothed) leaves 

 hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, with top-shaped cup 

 and oblong acorn. 



2. BIENNIAL-FRUITED OAKS, the acorns not maturing until the autumn of 

 the second yt-ar, these therefore borne on old wood below the leaves of the 

 season, on short and thick peduncles or none : kernel always bitter : tip or 

 lobes of the leaves commonly bristle-pointed. 



* THICKISH-LEAVED OAKS, some of them almost or quite evergreen at the South, 



coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sjmrinijly toothed, or barely 3-lol>ed at 

 the summit. 



- Leaves general 1 !/ entire, not widened upwards: acorns spherical, sinuU. 

 Q. Cin6rea, UPLAND WILLOW OAK. Dry pine-barrens, S. K. Virginia 

 and S. Small tree or shrub ; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, narrower- 

 leaved, the cup shallow, and small acorn <r!obular. 



Q. Ph611os, WILLOW OAK. Sandy low woods from New York ! 

 middle-sized tree, remarkable for its linear-lanceolate smooth willow-like leaves 

 narrowed at both ends. 



